Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Sonbhadra district, often referred to as the "Energy Capital of India" is not only rich in natural resources but also emerging as an important center of tourism in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Nestled between the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges, the region is endowed with diverse landscapes, ancient monuments, waterfalls, rivers, caves, and tribal culture that collectively create immense potential for tourism development. Tourism in Sonbhadra is wide variety. Historical forts such as Agori Fort and Vijaygarh Fort highlight the district's medieval legacy, while cave paintings in the Son Valley and rock shelters of the Rajdari-Lakhauri region reflect prehistoric human settlements. Religious and spiritual tourism is significant, with sites like Shivdwar, Renukeshwar Mahadev, and temples near Renukoot attracting pilgrims throughout the year. Natural attractions including waterfalls such as Mukkha, Rajdari, Devdari, and Lakhaniya Dari draw eco-tourists and adventure seekers. The presence of Salkhan Fossil Park, with fossils dating back 1.4 billion years, adds a unique scientific and educational dimension to tourism in the district. Overall, tourism in Sonbhadra presents a blend of history, nature, culture, and spirituality. With proper planning, investment, and community participation, the district can emerge as a major destination in Uttar Pradesh, contributing to regional development and cultural preservation.

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 Keywords

Tourism, Rock Paintings, Salkhan Fossil Park ,Waterfalls, Forts, Sustainable Tourism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This article explores the issue of citizenship and it's linkage to the question of indigenous rights in the context of Assam. The main focus is on understanding the layered history of Assam from colonial time till contemporary period. The complex history of migration into Assam since ancient period and the socio political process during the colonial and post-colonial periods have homogenized different culture and shaped the indigenous identity. The trajectory with references to the growing agony of the native people towards their indigenous identity is also an area of focus. The issues of citizenship in the public discourse in Assam is different from the mainland India, which can be taken in reference to CAA and nationwide implementation of NRC. The unrest is due to the fear that if Bangla speaking illegal immigrants are granted citizenship may outnumbered the local population since the amendment act will nullify the Assam Accord which was signed with a consensus among the government and the civil society organisations to deport all illegal immigrants from Assam along with the promise of providing constitutional safeguard to indigenous communities to protect the Assamese identity or indigenous culture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Citizenship, Indigenous Rights, Unrest, Immigrants

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract Tea plantation in small holding bears the fruit for present as well as for the future generation. Thus small tea plantation belongs to the concept of sustainable and will act as a role model for the future generation in the years to come. The small scale tea growers form a significant part of the global tea industry. About 70% of the global tea production comes from the small- scale tea growers in the tea growing regions in Asia and Africa (Voora et al, 2019). These growers form the backbone of the rural economy in several tea producing regions. Tea industry in Assam contributes significantly in the development of state economy. The figures had moved on to more than Rupees 5000 crores annually as agriculture income, the numbers append as the state also receives a share of income tax and export duties from the centre directly and indirectly. Besides, act as backbone of rural economy, the small tea plantation also provides us food and medicines; plants and trees play an essential role in industries. Many raw materials are obtained by plants and giant trees used to produce various industrial products, including paper, spices, cosmetics, pencils, rubber, furniture and others household products. Thus, small tea plantation play a vital roles for economics improvement in rural economy of Assam, but the small tea growers does not free from some common problems i.e., low wages, poor infrastructure, poor housing, health issues and lack of avenues for social mobility, no gaining of proper market values of their production, lack of quality of tea leaf, price fluctuation of tea leaf, price controlled by the big tea gardens etc However, in this paper I would like to focus the various problems of small tea growers in Dhemaji of Assam under the economical aspects.

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Key words: Small, Grower, Plantation, Tea, Economy etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Modern economic connections create trade policies that shape the operational strategies and market performance abilities of international companies. The author investigates how tariffs function alongside USMCA and RCEP trade agreements together with increasing protectionism measures that affect worldwide businesses. Executive summary research and business examples show organizations transform to an uncertain trade context using multiple supply chain approaches and regionalized facilities as they cultivate adaptable business strategies. Operations get more expensive and unpredictable from tariffs but trade agreements bring both possibilities and business-related regulatory issues. Production strategies of firms are shifting toward localization because of protectionist trends that are transforming globalization. Organizations that want to succeed in changing global trade environments need proactive policy engagement combined with flexible operational designs and strategic innovative approaches. Organizations can benefit from specific suggestions that serve to help them handle intricate international trade systems.

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Economics Trade Finance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Ahoms were an offshoot of the Shan branch of great Tai or Thai family that migrated from the Yunnan province of China in the thirteenth century and ruled Assam for about 600 years that left behind a vibrant history of their own. They build their first capital at Charaideo and since then their successors are living in and around the area. As a result many archaeological remains can be seen standing, holding the glory of the Great Ahom Dynasty. Through this paper an attempt has been made to trace the memories and document the archaeological remains that were left behind.

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Documentation, Garh, Moidam, Pukhuri, Deohal

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The need for effective, reliable, and accurate screening methods to assist immigration authorities has been highlighted by the rise in US work visa applications in recent years. In order to predict the approval status of US visa applications, this project offers a thorough end-to-end Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) pipeline that makes use of employer and applicant data. The method uses important characteristics like education level, work experience, company size, geography, and prevailing wage to handle binary classification--certified or refused. To guarantee excellent data quality and pipeline consistency, preprocessing methods include transformation pipelines, schema validation, and Evidently AI data drift detection. In order to ensure that only the best-performing model is pushed to production, the deployment pipeline integrates GitHub Actions for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), Docker for containerization and reproducibility, and AWS services (EC2 and ECR) for hosting and model storage. The architecture encompasses the entire MLOps lifecycle, including data ingestion from MongoDB Atlas, validation, transformation, model training with hyperparameter tuning, performance evaluation, model registry, and deployment. A user-friendly web interface developed with Streamlit and FastAPI supports real-time prediction and provides stakeholders with instant feedback. With a clear folder organization, configuration-driven design, virtual environment separation, and smooth automation, the system is expandable and modular. Important engineering concepts including model versioning, robust error handling, logging, and dynamic environment variable management are highlighted in this project. Finally, it illustrates how MLOps can improve machine learning systems' scalability, dependability, and transparency in crucial decision-making areas like immigration and law enforcement.

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MLOps Pipeline(Machine Learning Operations ), CI/CD, AWS EC2, AWS ECR, Streamlit, Real-time Prediction, Data Ingestion

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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: In this paper, we introduce a new class of closed sets called semi generalization of generalized star closed (briefly s(gg)* - closed) sets in Topological Spaces. We study the relation of this set with some other closed sets and some of the properties have been investigated.

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s(gg)* - closed set, (gg)* - open

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Religion is a unified system of sacred norms, values, beliefs, and objects. In Indian society, religion plays a significant role in shaping people's lives, behavior, and interactions. People consult their religion in every aspect of life and act according to their teachings. However, modernization, globalization, and social change have drastically transformed all spheres of life. These changes have both positive and negative impacts on society. Modernization has also brought significant changes to India's religious institutions. The country is home to multiple religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modernization has led to greater tolerance and secularism, it has also resulted in the commercialization of religion, a decline in traditional religious practices, and a rise in sectarianism in some cases. This study examines the impact of modernization on religious institutions in India. This research highlights how factors such as urbanization, digital media, education, and economic growth are reshaping religious beliefs and practices in the region.

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Keywords: Religion, Modernization, Sectarianism, Secularism, Social Change

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT In today's digitally driven world, smartphones have become an integral part of adolescent life, particularly in urban areas. While they offer benefits in communication, learning, and entertainment, excessive use especially during night-time has raised serious health concerns. This study aims to investigate the impact of smartphone-induced sleep disruption on the risk factors associated with early-onset hypertension among urban adolescents. Using a quantitative research approach, a sample of 100 urban adolescents aged 13 to 17 years was surveyed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess their sleep quality. Participants were categorized based on their night-time smartphone usage: those using smartphones for more than two hours at night (high users) and those using them for two hours or less (low users). Simple statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and independent samples t-tests were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed a significant difference in sleep quality between the two groups, with high smartphone users reporting poorer sleep. Furthermore, male adolescents demonstrated significantly higher sleep disruption scores compared to females, indicating a gender-based disparity in how smartphone use impacts sleep. The study also identified a consistent pattern between longer screen time and increased levels of sleep disturbance, a known contributing factor to hypertension. Although direct blood pressure measurement was not included in this study, the results underline the potential health risks linked to poor sleep in adolescence. The study concludes that smartphone overuse at night significantly disrupts sleep, which may indirectly increase the risk of early-onset hypertension among adolescents. This research fills a critical gap in the literature by linking digital behaviour to emerging health risks, offering a valuable foundation for health educators, parents, and policymakers to develop awareness programs and preventive strategies focused on digital wellness and adolescent health.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sleep Disruption, Adolescents, Early-Onset Hypertension, Urban Youth, Screen Time, Sleep Quality

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women entrepreneurship is a relatively recent phenomenon that is steadily gaining momentum, driven by growing awareness of women's roles, responsibilities, and economic contributions both within the family and in society at large. However, for women entrepreneurs in India, starting and managing a business remains a significant challenge due to deep-rooted social norms and gender-based constraints. This study aims to explore the challenges and opportunities faced by women entrepreneurs, particularly in relation to financial, marketing, and production constraints. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study, with a sample of 100 respondents selected through non-probability convenience sampling in the Coimbatore District. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized. The findings highlight the need for critical infrastructure and support systems, including access to proper workspaces, financial subsidies, raw materials, and reliable transportation facilities. It is evident that government agencies and funding institutions need to play a more proactive role in addressing these needs. Furthermore, suppliers and marketers should prioritize the promotion and distribution of products made by women entrepreneurs. The study also reveals key issues with government assistance programs, such as bureaucratic red tape, lack of timely guidance, and inadequate advisory services. To enhance the status of women-led enterprises, both government and non-governmental organizations must offer liberal support and strengthen the infrastructure and policy framework necessary for the growth of women entrepreneurship.

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 Keywords

KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship, women, society, business, government.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition