Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Tissue culture techniques play a crucial role in the conservation and propagation of endemic and endangered plant species. In vitro propagation offers a sustainable approach to preserving genetic diversity, overcoming propagation limitations, and restoring threatened plant populations. This study explores various tissue culture methods, including micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, and organogenesis, to facilitate the rapid multiplication of rare species under controlled conditions. Tissue culture techniques provide an effective strategy for propagating endemic and endangered plant species, addressing challenges such as low seed viability and slow growth. This study found that direct organogenesis using nodal and shoot tip explants was the most efficient method for propagating species like Pterocarpus santalinus and Syzygium alternifolium, with high shoot induction rates (85% in P. santalinus on MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BAP). Additionally, somatic embryogenesis proved successful in Syzygium alternifolium (65% embryo maturation) and Terminalia pallida, demonstrating its potential for large-scale propagation. Rooting success was highest in P. santalinus (80% with 1.0 mg/L IBA), and the greenhouse survival rate reached 85%, confirming the effectiveness of the acclimatization protocol. Compared to traditional propagation, tissue culture enables mass production of genetically uniform, disease-free plants while overcoming seed dormancy and ensuring conservation. The successful field establishment (70-78% survival in reforestation sites) underscores the ecological relevance of in vitro propagation. This research supports ex situ conservation efforts and aligns with global biodiversity initiatives, offering a viable strategy for restoring threatened plant populations.

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Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandalwood), Syzygium alternifolium, Terminalia pallida,agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and conservation biology.

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Material strengthening that occurs during cold forming is an important means for increasing the stability of car body components. For this reason, different types of steel have been developed with increased strengthening potential in recent decades. A general problem occurs, if cold-formed components are joined by welding, since the welding locally resets the elaborately adjusted material condition. The present study investigates the interrelation of the strain hardening and the applied TIG (Tungsten-Inert-Gas) welding process, with a particular focus on a TRIP and a TWIP steel with high Mn contents. The investigations comprise hardness and microindentation tests as well as X-ray diffraction experiments of specimen that are pre-deformed to specific strains and subsequently TIG-welded with various linear energies. Instrumented microindentation tests are performed to determine force - indentation depth curves. The characteristic values derived from those curves are compared with results of a systematic peak profile analyses of measured X-ray interference lines. The results show that the measurement methods used enable detailed statements about the strengthening condition after cold forming and the local changes in the weld seam environment. Finally, the integral widths of X-ray diffraction lines can be correlated very well with distributions of local microhardness and can further be used to interpret the relationships between strain- and transformation-induced strengthening, deformation-induced retained austenite transformation and thermally induced softening. The results highlight the changes of the material states induced by welding and therefore emphasize the need to optimize welding practices and therefore improve the performance of high-strength steels in industrial applications.

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X-ray diffraction; High-strength steel; TRIP; TWIP; Welding-induced changes; hardening; Instrumented indentation

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Over the years, many technologies have been realized to aid people who suffer from sensory and physical disabilities. Real-time assistance is offered by these technologies, which use artificial intelligence, machine learning, and mobile computing. For their users who are presumably visually challenged, object-detection models coupled with image processing give audio feedback for easy navigation. Speech-to- text applications and text-to-speech applications cover the communication gap for deaf and mute persons. Some of these systems also perform sign language recognition, OCR, and voice synthesis to make life interactable. Hardware tools include ultrasonic sensors and smart gloves for specific impairments. However, these solutions are mostly class-wise and least integrated with one another. This survey paper goes into the depth of past developments and stresses the need for inclusive, multipurpose, user-friendly platforms that cater to as many differently abled users as possible.

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specially-abled people, Deep Learning, Assistive Technologies

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The novel of Kiran Desai, the Inheritance of loss is set after the colonial period ended, when India became free from the British rule. But despite the independence of the country, there was a race going on India due to which the common people were deprived of any kind of comfort. This colonialism is seen as a conflict between different cultures. It is clearly evident that this novel is based on India, Britain, United States America. The theme of impact of globalization, migration, displacement, alienation, identity and historical power, economic condition, inequality. The reality of poverty and economic inequality have been harshly depicted and the struggle of communities has also been influenced with humour. The novel portrays the equation of cultural and mixed identify while also acknowledge the conflict and misunderstanding that cultural different creates. The Gorkha land movement end the ethnic struggle for a separate country. The struggle for identify alienation, displacement, hybridity, belonging and social justice.

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Acknowledge, misunderstanding, portrays, belonging alienation, identity, displacement, humour,

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The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated containment measures--such as lockdowns, school closures, and social distancing--created unprecedented psychosocial challenges for families, especially children. This study aims to investigate the psychosocial problems experienced by children from COVID-19-affected families in Kalaburagi city, a major urban center in Karnataka, India. The research assesses the prevalence and nature of these problems, identifies key contributing factors, and proposes practical interventions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study would collect data from a sample of children aged 6-18 and their parents/guardians. A quantitative survey would assess internalizing behaviors (anxiety, depression, social withdrawal) and externalizing behaviors (aggression, conduct problems), while qualitative interviews would provide deeper insights into their lived experiences. Preliminary findings from existing literature suggest that children experienced heightened levels of fear, anxiety, loneliness, and stress due to parental anxiety, disrupted routines, and limited social interaction. Factors such as socioeconomic status, parental mental health, family conflict, and excessive screen time are expected to be significant predictors of children's psychosocial distress. The study's conclusions would highlight the urgent need for accessible mental health support and community-based interventions. Recommendations would include school-based counseling programs, parental education workshops, and the creation of safe spaces for children's social and recreational activities.

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A Potential Study on the Psychosocial Problems of COVID-19 Affected Families in Kalaburagi City

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The retail industry in India has undergone a rapid transformation, driven by rising incomes, digital adoption, and a growing middle class. In 2024, the total retail market reached an estimated USD 952.02 billion, reflecting increased formalisation and omni-channel expansion across urban and tier-2/3 centres (Expert Market Research, 2025). E-retail has become a significant growth engine, with online gross merchandise value (GMV) reaching approximately USD 60 billion in 2024, and the number of active online shoppers surpassing 270 million, accelerating hybrid models that blend digital discovery with offline fulfilment (Indian Express, 2025). Within consumer electronics, India's smartphone ecosystem has been especially dynamic. Annual smartphone shipments reached about 153 million units in 2024, with wholesale revenues hitting record highs despite slower unit growth--indicating premiumisation and higher average selling prices (Storyboard18, 2025). The success of Indian mobile retailers combines scale, distribution depth, and experiential retail. Large chains and multichannel players, such as Reliance Digital, expanded physical footprints while integrating e-commerce platforms, and local multi-brand outlets maintained deep penetration into smaller towns (GizChina, 2025). Overall, India's retail and mobile-store segments demonstrate how scale, digital integration, and localised distribution strategies can convert a large under-penetrated market into sustained growth opportunities, with policy support and domestic manufacturing further reinforcing momentum. This paper is prepared based on the classroom assignment on 'Studying the Success Story of Retail Outlets in Vadodara City'. An Exploratory Research Design was used to prepare this paper. Primary objective behind this research is to know the daily activities of Jaydeepbhai as an owner of Mahi Enterprise, How he started his journey, what and how he is motivated for starting this store, what he done during difficulty times like covid, How he contact with his customers, How he use Social Media for reaching to target customers, plans, etc

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Retail Management, Retailers as entrepreneurs, Growth and Success, Mahi Enterprise, Story of Success.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction: This article is being written as India prepares for the 2024 elections in which PM N.Modi is the leader of the ruling BJP and the opposition is struggling to catch up. Research objective: The main objective of this paper is to understand the key issues in the 2024 Indian elections and to provide a retrospective analysis of the 2024 Indian elections. Research method: The study date of this article is Research Period: June 2024 and Sources: Sources compiled from secondary sources, various articles, newspapers, magazines, etc. Data analysis: The data analysis in this article is the political caucus in the election, the political vote in the election, the region and the state. Result: Many media outlets described the election as "surprising." Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party won fewer than 400 seats, below expectations. Despite pre-election predictions that the BJP would win a majority of voters, the party fared better in the polls, scoring well in states. Conclusion: The article concludes that the battle for 2024 has begun and the BJP is yet to win hearts. Following disappointing state election results, the opposition has been forced to regroup. Keyword: General Election 2024, Political party, Major Issue election 2024

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Keyword: General Election 2024, Political party, Major Issue election 2024

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Handwriting is a major occupation for children in the classroom environment. Earlier studies found that 30% to 60% of a child's day at school was spent on fine motor activities, with 85% of these fine motor activities being paper-and-pencil tasks. Since handwriting is an occupation that consumes a substantial amount of time, children who struggle with it tend to have issues with various aspects of their learning and it requires a lot of time and effort for students to learn how to write clearly. The study aims to improve the handwriting of primary school children after receiving sensorimotor intervention in a classroom environment and evaluate their handwriting performance.

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Handwriting, Handwriting difficulties, primary school children, sensorimotor intervention.

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Detection of Plant disease after the symptoms that is visible on the leaf is sometimes too late to prevent the crops being affecting by that since the disease spreads from one leaf to another through direct contact, Rain Splash, vectors, pruning tools etc . Plants unfavourable condition which we commonly call as the stress ,which affects the plants health. So using the physiological signals like chlorophyll fluorescence ,leaf temperature and soil Moisture, we can detect whether plant is healthy or in stress. With the help of LSTM model we identify plants stress condition and it is visible using the interface streamlit.When we use the physiological signal data then there is less change of cutting the plant ,or removing the plant due to disease, as it is the signs that shown before the symptoms that arise on the leaves. So many research had done on this as they have used the single physiological signals in large form .But in are approach we have used the multi-fusion of physiological signal data is used.

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Plant Stress Detection, LSTM, Deep Learning, Chlorophyll, Leaf Temperature, Soil Moisture, Streamlit, Simulated Data

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Thin films having different thickness of Pb0.2In0.8Se were deposited by physical evaporation techniques, onto precleaned amorphous glass substrate. The structural properties of films were evaluated by XRD, optical microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The electrical properties of annealed thin films have been evaluated. The resistivity of the films is determined over the thickness range of 1000 ?, 1500 ?, 2000 ?, 2500 ? and 3000 ?. The temperature dependence of resistivity shows semiconducting behavior. The thickness dependence of resistivity is found to follow Fuch-Sondheimer size effect theory. Activation energy is found to be 0.059 to 0.082eV. Estimated values of Carrier concentration was 3.789 x1021 cm-3. Hall coefficients and Hall mobility were also determined. The estimated values of Hall mobility and Hall coefficients are 6.77 X 10-4 to 1.128X 10-4 cm2/V-sec. and 6.4 X 10-8 to 1.6205 X 10-8 cm3/C respectively. Positive sign of the Hall coefficient shows P- type nature of films. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that films are polycrystalline having orthorhombic structure. The average grain size is found to be 6.136 nm.

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 Keywords

optical microscopy, XRD, TEM, Electrical properties.

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