Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Woodward regulations consist of many units based on empirical guidelines that aim to estimate the absorption wavelength, specifically ?max, within the ultraviolet-visible spectrum for a particular compound. Factors considered in the calculations include the types of chromophores, the substituent auxochromes on those chromophores, and the solvent used. Examples of this include conjugated carbonyl compounds, conjugated dienes, and polyenes. For dienes, one set of Woodward-Fischer rules distinguishes between homoannular systems, where double bonds are found within a single ring, and heteroannular systems, where double bonds are spread out across two rings.

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 Keywords

Auxochromes, ?max, ?, ?-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.

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The current research investigated the predictive value of avoidant attachment style and emotional competence on subjective well-being in a sample of university students. Avoidant attachment style is associated with the experience of discomfort in emotional proximity, and the emotional competence is the ability of recognition, expression, and successful management of emotions. Subjective well-being is an important measure of mental health that reflects individuals' feelings about their emotional state and overall life satisfaction. A sample of 104 students from a university in Agra city, aged between 18 and 23, was evaluated using standardized assessments: the Measure of Attachment Style (MOAS), the Emotional Competence Scale, and the Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SUBI). The results of the regression analysis showed that the avoidant attachment style did not significantly predict subjective well-being, while emotional competence had a positive and significant relationship.

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Avoidant Attachment Style, Emotional Competence, Subjective Well-Being, University Students

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The cultivation of sugarcane has long been recognized as a major driver of agrarian transformation in Uttar Pradesh, the largest sugarcane-producing state in India. Among its districts, Gonda holds a distinctive position due to its extensive area under sugarcane cultivation and the presence of several sugar mills, which directly and indirectly shape the socio-economic landscape of rural communities. This study attempts to review and analyze the impact of sugarcane cultivation on socio-economic development in Gonda district with a special focus on income generation, employment opportunities, agricultural diversification, and rural industrialization. Sugarcane cultivation has provided a stable source of livelihood for small and marginal farmers, contributing to household food security and improved standards of living. Moreover, the sugar industry in the region creates seasonal and permanent employment, thereby reducing rural unemployment and underemployment. The availability of by-products such as molasses, bagasse, and ethanol further enhances local economic opportunities by promoting allied industries. However, the review also highlights challenges such as price fluctuations, delayed payments by sugar mills, soil degradation, and excessive dependence on a single crop, which pose risks to long-term sustainability. The findings underline that while sugarcane cultivation has significantly enhanced socio-economic development in Gonda district, ensuring equitable benefits for farmers requires policy interventions in timely procurement, infrastructural improvements, and the promotion of crop diversification. Thus, sugarcane remains both an opportunity and a challenge for balanced rural development in the district.

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Sugarcane cultivation, socio-economic development, rural employment, crop diversification, Gonda district.

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This study critically examines the role of international trade in fostering India's economic growth and development. By analyzing empirical trade data, GDP trends, sector-wise export performance, and foreign direct investment patterns, the research highlights how trade has evolved into a strategic tool for enhancing India's global economic presence. The findings reveal a strong correlation between rising exports and GDP growth, especially during the post-pandemic recovery phase. Key sectors such as engineering goods, petroleum products, and IT services have significantly contributed to India's export earnings. Additionally, growing FDI inflows into trade-related sectors underscore the interconnected nature of trade and investment in driving development. Despite challenges like trade deficits and import dependency, the study concludes that with strategic trade policies, infrastructure improvement, and global integration, India can harness the full potential of international trade for inclusive and sustained economic advancement.

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: International Trade, India Economic Development, Trade Balance, Exports, Imports, GDP Growth.

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Education is the key to the growth and development of any nation, and its success depends on the quality of teachers. The knowledge, dedication, professionalism, commitment, and motivation of teachers are pivotal in ensuring quality education and enhancing learner achievement. Within the education system, Teacher-Educators play an essential role in improving the teaching-learning process. In the 21st century, Teacher-Educators need to consistently excel in their profession to prepare effective educators. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is essential for Teacher-Educators, encompassing the ongoing enhancement of knowledge, skills, and competencies beyond initial training. The Continuous Professional Development of teachers has been a central focus of educational policies and commissions in India since independence. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 places teachers at the heart of reforms, emphasizing pedagogy, assessment, and professional growth. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of Continuous Professional Development, its significance for teachers, the historical development of CPD in the context of NEP-2020. It also identifies the challenges faced in implementing CPD and highlights various practices and initiatives aimed at promoting professional growth and development among teacher-educators. Furthermore, the paper provides strategies and recommendations to address these challenges, enhance the capacity of teacher educators, foster collaboration, and improve teaching and learning outcomes in alignment with the goals of NEP-2020.

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Teacher-Educators, Continuous Professional Development (CPD), and National Education Policy-2020.

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One of the most renowned Indian English dramatists is Girish Karnad (1938), despite the fact that his works were initially written in Kannada. He draws inspiration for his plays from Indian culture, mythology, and legend. He draws attention to the psychological intricacies and internal struggles of the human psyche in the actions of his characters. The characters of his works can be observed confronting the issues of their existence. At best, we can say that they often face a hard time when it comes about identifying the real purpose of their lives. However, individuals occasionally become victims of circumstances in an attempt to find solutions to their issues. In the crowd, they experience loneliness and alienation. The work "Hayavadana" tells the tale of the flawed Hayavadana, who is part horse and half man. It is a panorama of the female mind. Each character in the drama strives for fullness, perfection, and completion.

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Existential, Legends, Myth, Folklore, Meaningfulness, Alienated

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Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition affecting 23-65% of pregnant women globally, with significant implications for maternal health and quality of life. This narrative review examines the current understanding of PGP pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment methods, and the critical importance of culturally adapted evaluation tools. The condition encompasses pain between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold, particularly around sacroiliac joints, often radiating to the posterior thigh and pubic symphysis. While hormonal and biomechanical factors contribute to PGP development, the exact etiology remains multifactorial and incompletely understood. The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) has emerged as the gold standard for assessing activity limitations and symptoms in women with PGP. However, language barriers significantly limit its clinical utility in non-English speaking populations. Cross-cultural adaptation of assessment tools is essential for providing equitable healthcare and enabling meaningful research across diverse populations. This review highlights the successful translation and validation of PGQ into multiple languages, demonstrating excellent reliability across different cultural contexts. The development of culturally appropriate assessment tools represents a crucial step toward addressing healthcare disparities and improving outcomes for women with pregnancy-related PGP globally. Future research should focus on establishing normative values, investigating treatment responsiveness, and developing prevention strategies for high-risk populations.

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Pregnancy, Pelvic girdle pain, Assessment, Cross-cultural adaptation, Maternal health, Questionnaire validation

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This article analyses the psychological and spiritual aspects of yoga, particularly its potential to transform human consciousness. It combines Indian psychology with modern scientific research to study the mental and cognitive effects showing that yoga is not only a means of relief from mental stress, depression and diseases, but is also a path to self-development, purification of mind and self-realization. Special attention is given to the state of turiya or samadhi, which is the highest state of consciousness mentioned in Vedanta and Yogasutras. turiya is beyond waking, dreaming and deep sleep state in Indian philosophy which expands beyond modern psychology. Yoga is a scientific and spiritual practice, which leads a person towards non-duality, peace and happiness. The combination of yoga and psychology becomes a powerful medium to enter the depths of consciousness.

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Psychology, Yoga, Mitahar, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutra, Turiya, Jagrit, Swapna, Susupti

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Bhagwan Budha aur Bal Gangadhar Tialk ka karm yog darshan: ek tulnatmak adhyayan

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Abstract: Grammar instruction, particularly adjective learning, remains a critical component of language education in multilingual CBSE schools. Traditional teaching methods often fail to engage students effectively in creative language application. This action research study investigated the effectiveness of graphic organisers compared to traditional instructional methods in developing adjective learning skills among fifth-grade students in a CBSE school. Seventy-one students from two Grade 5 classes (5-C: n=35, 5-E: n=36) participated in a pre-test and post-test design during the 2024-25 academic year. Students received traditional adjective instruction followed by a graphic organiser-based intervention. Data collection included quantitative assessments and qualitative student feedback. Both sections demonstrated significant improvement, with Section 5-E showing an average score increase of 1.68 points (16.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.65), while Section 5-C showed improvement of 0.88 points (8.8%, p<0.001, Cohen's d=0.68). Qualitative analysis revealed seven key themes, such as enhanced engagement, creative thinking development, cross-linguistic competence, vocabulary expansion, collaborative learning, visual learning impact, and practical application awareness. Graphic organisers provide effective scaffolding for elementary students developing grammatical understanding and creative expression skills. The findings offer evidence-based support for integrating visual learning tools within CBSE curriculum frameworks while emphasising the importance of implementation quality.

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 Keywords

Keywords: graphic organisers, adjective learning, elementary grammar instruction, CBSE curriculum, multilingual education, visual learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition