Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Credit card fraud cares with the illegal use of master card information for purchases. Credit card transactions are often accomplished either physically or digitally. In the manual transactions, the credit card is included during the transactions. In digital transactions, this will happen over the phone or the web. Cardholders might be providing their card number, expiry date, and the verification of the card number through telephone or website. Billions of dollars are lost thanks to master card fraud per annum. Machine learning techniques are wont to detect master card fraud. Standard models are first used. Then, hybrid methods which use random forest and xgboost segmentation and popular voting method are applied. Then, a real-world master card data set from a financial organization is analysed. In addition, noise is added to the info samples to further assess the robustness of the algorithms. Here random forest segmentation and xgboost algorithm will give the 94% percent accuracy.

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 Keywords

Machine Learning, Credit Card Fraud, detection,Random forest ,xgboost algorithm

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Neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma (SCLC) is an aggressive form of lung cancer with a high propensity for early metastasis. The most common sites of metastasis are regional lymph nodes, liver, bones, and brain. However, metastasis to the spinal cord is an exceedingly rare occurrence. This case report presents a rare instance of a neuroendocrine small cell neoplasm that originated in the lungs and extended to the spinal cord, initially presenting with a pleural effusion. A 50 years old female patient was presented with the complaints of breathing difficulty, left sided chest pain and palpitaton was admitted in the pulmonology department. The patient had history of Rheumatic heart disease and has undergone balloon mitral valvuloplasty in 2009. According to CECT thorax, USG abdomen and pelvis the patient had pleural effusion. MRI dorsal spine with cervical spine screening suggested malignant neurogenic tumor. Based on biopsy from left pleural effusion the patient was found to have metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasm possibly small cell carcinoma. The clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategy are discussed in light of current literature. This case highlights the complexity of diagnosing such rare metastases and emphasizes the importance of early recognition and multi-disciplinary management in such aggressive neoplasms.

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 Keywords

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), Neuroendocrine tumor

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Introduction A decision tree is one of the predictive modelling approaches used in statistics, data mining and machine learning. It is a non-parametric Decision trees are a non-parametric supervised learning method used for classification and regression tasks in statistics, data mining, and machine learning. This approach constructs a tree-like structure to identify patterns in data, providing results that are both accurate and easily interpretable. Decision trees are capable of handling missing values, processing both numerical and categorical data, and are scalable to large datasets. They are widely applied in diverse domains such as radar signal classification, medical diagnosis, and speech recognition. This paper provides an overview of decision tree methodology, including classification and regression trees, with a particular focus on the underlying probabilistic and statistical concepts such as entropy, information gain, gain ratio, and Gini index. These measures play a crucial role in evaluating node purity and guiding the tree-building process through recursive partitioning. The C5.0 algorithm, an industry-standard advancement over earlier decision tree models, is highlighted for its robustness, efficiency, and interpretability. An example using a student

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 Keywords

ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3), C4.5,C5.0,CART

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The Ly (1009-1225) and Tran (1225-1400) dynasties represent a golden age of Vietnamese Buddhism, marked by unprecedented royal patronage and the integration of Buddhism into the political, cultural, and social fabric of the nation. This paper investigates the extent and nature of royal patronage during this period, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between the state and the Sangha. By examining historical chronicles, epigraphic evidence, and Buddhist texts, this study explores how Buddhism was institutionalized as a state ideology, and how royal support facilitated the flourishing of Vietnamese Buddhist culture, art, and education.

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An Investigation of the Royal Patronage of Buddhism in Vietnam during the Ly-Tran Dynasty

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Monkey-pox is a disease that feasts from animals to humans, caused by the MPXV virus, related to smallpox. It reappeared in Nigeria in 2017 (Bayelsa) after 39 years without cases and later spread to other countries in 2018 and 2019. Experts believe it may be filling the gap left by smallpox. This review looks at what we currently know about how monkey-pox spreads and affects humans, cells, and the virus itself. Monkey-pox is similar to smallpox and can lead to serious health problems. However, there are no clear treatment guidelines yet, especially in poorer areas, which can lead to long illness and complications. To improve treatment, we need a better understanding of symptoms, risks, and how severe the infection can get. Studies in animals, especially monkeys, help guide treatment options and drug development. These experiments often used strong methods to mimic serious cases like smallpox. Research also shows that monkey-pox patients may benefit from supportive care--like preventing infections, keeping the body hydrated, and protective delicate areas alike the eyes and genitals. A general care plan focused on monkey-pox needs to be created, tested, and adjusted to fit different healthcare settings, including the use of antiviral drugs.

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Poxviridae; Orthopox-viruses; Monkey-pox Viruses; Epidemiology; Clinical Manifestation; Antiviral Drugs.

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This paper explores the character of Jim Hanson in the 2021 film The Marksman, played by Liam Neeson, as an embodiment of the Karma Yogi--a concept rooted in the Bhagavad Gita. Unlike traditional Western action heroes who are driven by personal vengeance or glory, Jim Hanson emerges as a man of duty, detached from personal gain, and committed to protecting the innocent. Drawing on classical Indian philosophy, especially the Gita's teachings on selfless action (karma yoga), the article demonstrates how Hanson's journey aligns with the path of the Karma Yogi--one who acts with intention but without attachment to the fruits of action. Through close cinematic analysis and philosophical interpretation, this study situates The Marksman within a broader discourse of spiritual archetypes in global cinema. The article argues that Jim Hanson's ethical clarity, stoic demeanour, and unwavering performance of duty resonate deeply with the Gita's vision of disciplined action and moral responsibility, thereby suggesting that ancient Indian ideals continue to find subtle expression in contemporary narratives of heroism.

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 Keywords

Karma Yoga, Bhagavad Gita, Liam Neeson, Jim Hanson, The Marksman, Cinematic Spirituality, Dharma, Selfless Action

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a global health challenge, disproportionately affecting children under five years. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the leading cause of pediatric infections, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

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HIV, Preschool children, Mother-to-child transmission, Pediatric HIV, Community health nursing, India

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The study examine about the Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are two serious diseases and it mostly effect on old age means they will get the peak leavel of danger stage like already they are having another physical issues because of age and Serious illnesses like leprosy and tuberculosis (TB) still plague a large number of elderly individuals. The majority of senior TB patients relapse because, as their immune systems deteriorate with age, long-suppressed infections in their bodies reactivate. Older persons have a higher chance of dying since their symptoms are frequently ambiguous, making diagnosis challenging. Treatment failure may result from the inability of many older individuals to complete the lengthy course of TB medications.The elderly are still susceptible to leprosy. It is still prevalent in older age groups, despite a general decline in new occurrences The more severe (multibacillary) form of leprosy affects many elderly individuals, who also experience various health issues and physical impairments. Additionally, they are more likely to experience side effects, particularly in the initial months of treatment.Both illnesses have comparable effects on older people's day-to-day lives. They result in impairments, physical weakness, and a need for assistance with everyday tasks. Life is made even more difficult by social shame, loneliness, anxiety, and sadness. Leprosy and tuberculosis together diminish quality of life and independence in old age. To help older persons live with dignity, early detection, appropriate treatment, emotional support, and community care are crucial.

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leprosy, TB, aging, daily life, and the elderly

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The growing reliance on excessive internet usage among young adults has raised concerns about internet addiction and its psychological implications, especially among students residing in hostels. They lack proper supervision, suffer from loneliness, feel homesick and use Internet as a means of negative coping strategy. Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being acts as a protective barrier against Internet Addiction. This study aims to explore and understand these three variables, i.e., Internet Addiction, Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-being among hostel students. It also aims to investigate the gender difference that may exist among the hostel students in the context of these three variables. The data was collected from a sample of 150 hostel students (75 males and 75 females) residing in Varanasi, using Young's Internet Addiction Test, Schutte's Emotional Intelligence Scale and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale. The results revealed that males had significantly higher internet addiction levels, while females scored higher in emotional intelligence. However, no significant gender differences were found in psychological well-being. The result also indicated a negative correlation between Internet Addiction and Emotional Intelligence along with Psychological Well-being among hostel students. However, the result also revealed a positive co-relation between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-being among hostel students. This study helps in better understanding of hostel students in the context of these three variables and plan interventions accordingly. This study also provides valuable insights for future studies in similar context.

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 Keywords

Internet Addiction, Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being, Hostel students

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Amidst the rapid pace of the digital economy, online payments service providers are increasingly facing sophisticated and evolving fraud threats. Machine learning stands out as a suitable solution, with the ability to classifying transaction risks precisely in real-time, many orders of magnitude quicker than conventional rules-based systems can. In this paper, we present recent advancement of ML-based fraud detection, including supervised, unsupervised, and ensemble learning approaches. There is particular emphasis on interpretability, class imbalance, privacy preserving methods, and real-time inference.

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 Keywords

Online payment fraud, machine learning, transaction risk prediction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition