Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Identifying weeds in a timely manner is essential to ensure there is no reduction in the overall yield in contemporary agriculture. Timely identification of weeds leads to increased efficiency, which can minimize weeds and herbicide use, and increase productivity. In chili cultivation, weeds have the potential to look similar to the crops, which makes it labor-intensive, error-prone, and inefficient to do weed detection manually. For this study, the data were drawn from three models with deep-learning algorithms to demonstrate a method for weed detection in chili. The three models that were utilized were: ConvNeXt, Vision Transformer (ViT), and Swin Transformer. We created a custom image dataset from the real-world chili farmlands, where we collected images of the crops with many difficulties including multiple lighting conditions, occlusion, and other background trouble. It was necessary to conduct a lot of pre-processing and augmentations to ensure the models had the best possibility to be trained and generalized properly. The models were fine tuned using transfer learning on the models based on a binary classification model (weed vs non-weed). The possible effects of models were evaluated based on their accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, and inference time. ConvNeXt achieved the highest accuracy at 99.0%, followed by ViT at 97.8%, and Swin Transformer at 92.1%. ConvNeXt also had the highest inference time and generalization properties, making it applicable on a small scale for real-time applications on low-power devices. Overall, the study's findings demonstrate that deep learning solutions based on modern transformer models and hybrid CNN architectures could fundamentally alter how systems for automated weed control have been introduced and how many herbicides are needed to conduct a productive grow as we find ourselves working towards reducing our dependency for chemical solutions.

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 Keywords

ConvNeXt, Vision Transformer (ViT), Swin Transformer, Weed Detection, Chili Crop, Deep Learning (DL), Machine Learning (ML), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Image Classification, Precision Agriculture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

If we evaluate the ancient concept of "Fault Theory" in the International disputes at the worldwide scenario, then we find that, it refers to the idea being responsible or blame can be assigned to a state or actor for causing a conflict or violating international law. So, the idea of fault theory has been rooted in the legal and moral philosophy, it draws from domestic tort and criminal law principles, emphasizing culpability for harm caused. Hence, this research paper is trying to find the fundamental key foundations in relation to fault theory, which are: State Responsibility: The International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on State Responsibility (2001) Codify fault-based liability, requiring attribution of conduct and breach of International obligations. Jus Ad Bellum Fault is central to assessing aggression under the U.N.Charter, where unlawful use of force triggers accountability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

State Responsibility, Internationally Wrongful Act, Subjective Fault, Moral Culpability, Fault Theory.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Israel-Philistine sangharsh ke prati Bharat ke drashtikon: ek kutnitik aur rannitik adhyayan

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Israel-Philistine sangharsh ke prati Bharat ke drashtikon: ek kutnitik aur rannitik adhyayan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for accurate health education, especially among vulnerable populations such as school-going children. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a Planned Teaching Program (PTP) on improving knowledge about COVID-19 among children. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was used. The sample consisted of 50 school-going children aged 12-16 years, selected through purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge levels before and after the implementation of the planned teaching programme.. The results demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge scores post-intervention, indicating that the planned teaching programme was effective in enhancing awareness regarding symptoms, modes of transmission, preventive measures, and vaccination. The study highlights the importance of structured educational programs in empowering children with accurate health information.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Assess, Effectiveness, Planned Teaching Program, Covid 19, School Going Children

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Migration--both voluntary and forced--has shaped human history, but in the 20th and 21st centuries, it has taken on a particularly complex cultural dimension. Literature emerging from migrant experiences often negotiates intricate questions of identity, language, and belonging. This proposed research aims to undertake a comparative study of Indian and Italian literary narratives that grapple with the migrant experience, focusing particularly on how displacement and border-crossing shape the subjectivity of characters and authors alike.

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The Migrant Experience in Indian and Italian Literature: A Comparative Study of Identity, Language, and Belonging

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT : India is known for huge cultural diversity from north to south we can see various culture, tradition and also can see a huge amount of political diversity in this country. For this various type of cultural diversity government implement various policy to develop them. The Northeast region of India is often called the "Gateway to the East" or the "Gateway to the Seven Sisters"(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, These states are located in the northeastern part of India which is known as "seven sisters" of india). However, the city of Guwahati in Assam is specifically known as the "Gateway to the Northeast". This is due to its strategic location and excellent connectivity, making it a major entry point for travelers and goods into the region. In this article I deeply discuss about the look east policy and how it effect the north east side of India. The Look East Policy is first introduced by our prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao during his time period in 1990s. Basically this policy included into our foreign policy to develop the northeast side of India and build a strong relation with South East Asian countries.

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 Keywords

KEYWORDS : Historical Overview, Look East To Act East, Significance And Challenges To Implement The Policy.

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This paper investigates the role of traditional practitioners in Kalahandi district, Odisha, as custodians of indigenous healing systems embedded in cultural and ecological knowledge. Drawing on historical records, ethnographic insights, and primary field data, the study examines how healers--locally known as Disaris, Baidyas, and Gunias--have served as frontline healthcare providers for tribal communities across generations. It analyzes their diagnostic techniques, plant-based therapies, spiritual rituals, and the socio-cultural frameworks that confer legitimacy upon their practices. Despite disruptions from colonial interventions, restrictive forest policies, and the expansion of biomedical systems, these practitioners have exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability. The paper also addresses contemporary threats posed by modernization and underscores the urgency of policy frameworks that recognize and integrate indigenous healthcare into mainstream health strategies. Findings reveal that traditional healers not only sustain community health but also contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation, cultural continuity, and the advancement of sustainable healthcare models.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ethnomedicine, traditional healers, indigenous knowledge, Kalahandi, biodiversity conservation, cultural resilience, medical pluralism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Pantheism has been a powerful element in religion and literature and its practitioners identify God with everything. The two poets--William Wordsworth from 19th century England and Raghunath Choudhary from 20th Century India displayed deep pantheistic inclinations in their poetical works. Wordsworth's pantheism was the outcome of his familiarity with Plato and Spinoza. Choudhary's pantheism , on the other hand , was based solely on Indian philosophical traditions. Although Wordsworth discarded pantheism later in his life, Choudhary never modified or discarded his pantheistic outlook.

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 Keywords

Pantheism, Wordsworth, Raghunath Choudhary

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Worldwide, cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death for women. Increased survival rates and effective treatment outcomes depend on timely and accurate detection. This review offers a thorough analysis of current methods for detecting cervical cancer, with an emphasis on new developments in machine learning and imaging technology. It examines the foundations of important imaging techniques, including colposcopy, and assesses how machine learning algorithms can improve diagnostic precision. The study also summarizes current research results, identifies new trends, and suggests future paths to improve the efficiency and accessibility of cervical cancer diagnosis.

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 Keywords

Cervical Cancer, Early Detection, Screening Methods, Pap Smear, Colposcopy, Biopsy, Digital Colposcopy, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Spectroscopy, Machine Learning, Deep Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

operating profit, regression diagnostics, multicollinearity, model selection, financial indicators, predictive modeling

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition