Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT: Prison privatisation has grown globally over the past four decades, caused by various reasons like overcrowding, fiscal constraints, and neoliberal policies. While advocates cite efficiency and innovation, critics raise concerns over transparency, accountability, and compliance with human rights standards such as the UDHR, Nelson Mandela Rules, ICCPR, etc. This study conducts a comparative analysis of models in the USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and some African nations, examining operational performance, regulatory oversight, and rights implications. Drawing on qualitative policy review and secondary data, the research identifies both efficiencies and significant risks, particularly regarding contractual enforcement and human rights safeguards. Findings highlight that no single model is universally applicable; effectiveness depends on local political, legal, and social contexts. The study offers a framework that integrates policy evaluation with human rights assessment, guiding policymakers, especially in nations including India, that are considering privatising their penal institutions, and a basis for further cross-jurisdictional research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Prison privatisation, Public-private partnership, Rehabilitation, Human rights violations, international prison standards

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Information and Communication Technology has become a commonplace entity in all aspects of life. It has brought revolution in various spheres of society at the global level. It has become an essential and unconditional part of the education system, also. The 21st century is an era of modern technological growth and internet service. From womb to death, our life is based on technology and now the digital media is one of the most popular media in human life. Day by day, our education system is being formalized and systematized with the benefits of ICT. It is now an essential component of the educational process and teaching learning activities. The development of ICT has given a new dimension to the pedagogy, evaluation, and self-learning. The quality of education has automatically grown with the use of the WWW, by providing global knowledge within a nanosecond. The use of ICT in education has led to more and more student-centric learning settings and great assistance for teachers, also. In the period of knowledge explosion, it is urgent to accept the rapid growth of the technological aspect. In these circumstances, ICT plays a major role in making education lively, enthusiastic, motivating, creative, and self-paced. This paper will highlight the above-mentioned benefits of ICT on quality Education and pedagogical explosion and self-learning.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ICT, Quality of Education, and Learning Pedagogy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Content-Based Video Retrieval (CBVR) has emerged as an essential research area due to the exponential growth of multimedia data and the need for efficient indexing, searching, and retrieval. Traditional retrieval methods relying on textual annotations are often inadequate, subjective, and time-consuming. To address this, we propose a hybrid CBVR framework that leverages the complementary strengths of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Gabor filters for effective feature extraction. The integration of these methods yields a robust feature descriptor capable of discriminating between visually similar video frames. Similarity measurement is performed using distance metrics such as Minkowski distance to ensure accurate retrieval. Experimental analysis on UCF video datasets demonstrates that the DWT-Gabor hybrid approach achieves improved average precision of 85.71%.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Content-Based Video Retrieval (CBVR), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Gabor Filter, Video Shot Boundary Detection (CBVR)

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Stanyakshaya, a term from Ayurvedic literature, refers to the deficiency or depletion of breast milk in lactating mothers. It is a condition of significant concern in postnatal care, as adequate breast milk is essential for neonatal nutrition, immunity, and growth. Ayurveda attributes Stanyakshaya to factors such as improper diet (Ahara), psychological stress (Manasika Bhava), systemic diseases, and mandaagni (digestive fire), leading to impaired Rasa Dhatu, which is the precursor to Stanya (breast milk). From a modern medical perspective, this condition closely correlates with hypogalactia, or insufficient lactation. Modern causes include hormonal imbalances (such as low prolactin or oxytocin levels), maternal malnutrition, stress, postpartum complications, and improper breastfeeding techniques. Hypogalactia can lead to neonatal complications like failure to thrive, dehydration, and increased risk of infections. Ayurveda chikitsa focuses more on Ahara (diet), Vihara (lifestyle and psychological factors) and Aushadhi (oral medication) like using Stanyajanana (galactagogue) drugs. Modern treatment also includes nutritional counseling, stress reduction, hormonal evaluation, and support for effective breastfeeding practices.Integrative approaches combining Ayurvedic galactagogues with modern lactation support may offer a comprehensive and effective management strategy for Stanya Kshaya.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Stanyakshaya, Stanyajanana, Hypoprolactenemia, Dhatukshaya.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

RC beams, Pure torsion, Stirrup's Configuration, Ductility, Stiffness.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) decimation filters are widely employed in digital down-sampling systems due to their multiplier-less structure and hardware efficiency. However, their performance strongly depends on the filter order, which governs the trade-offs between spectral characteristics and implementation complexity. This study presents a comparative analysis of CIC decimation filters of different orders, evaluated in terms of passband ripple, stopband attenuation, power consumption, and hardware resource utilization. Simulation results indicate that higher-order CIC filters achieve improved stopband attenuation but at the cost of increased passband droop and higher power usage. Conversely, lower-order filters exhibit reduced hardware and power requirements but suffer from inferior spectral performance. The analysis highlights that optimal filter order selection is application-specific, requiring a balance between signal fidelity and implementation efficiency. The findings provide design guidelines for engineers to choose appropriate CIC filter configurations for low-power and resource-constrained wireless communication and signal processing systems with proper corrections

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

CIC, decimation, wireless communication, low power

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Nature is the mother of all living beings. It has the capacity to bring animation in inanimate objects. At the same time, it has the ability to destroy everything. Whenever a living being first comes in the lap of the earth, nature starts nurturing it from birth to death. At the beginning, there had been a healthy relationship between human beings and nature. But when people started claiming themselves as the supreme creation of the world, they began exploiting nature. Especially after colonisation, European people started creating problem in natural environment. When colonialism came to an end, independence brought independence in Eastern people for exploiting nature. At the beginning, nature was tolerating the exploitation like a loving mother. But when people start increasing the exploitation, nature begins punishing the humans like an angry mother. This has been reflected in literature. At the beginning, the erotic tendency of nature had been clearly visible in literature. Being influenced by nature, writers presented its creative purposes. Nowadays the outcome of nature's anger is painted in literary works. Writers intend to show the destructive wrath of nature for correcting the behaviours of human beings towards nature. Nature has always been presented as a main theme in Indian English writings. From the ancient times to the contemporary era, nature serves as a guiding force to Indian writers. It encourages them to produce creative works. At the present time, the thanatic tendency of nature is presented in Indian English writings because the natural healthy environment is decreasing day by day by our malpractices. Amitav Ghosh is one of the writers who display nature's deadly reaction against the malpractice of humans.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Nature, Environment, Wrath, Colonialism, Industrialization, Exploitation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A Java-based game engine called GameForge was created to make the process of creating Turn-Based Role-Playing Games (TBRPGs) more efficient. It combines effective asset management, simple physics simulation, and real-time graphics processing into a modular, component-based design. Character and inventory management, a tile-map system for grid-based gameplay, and JSON-based save/load capability for permanent game data are among the engine's primary TBRPG features. GameForge, which was created with Java Swing, provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for simple activities like character configuration, level building, and inventory editing that require little programming knowledge. For desktop-based TBRPG development, the focus is now on quick prototyping and customisation, with cross-platform support as a future objective.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Game Engine, GameForge, TBRPG, Tile-Map, GUI, Prototyping

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Virtual addiction has emerged as a significant concern in the era of Cyberculture, particularly within collaborative digital environments. These spaces ranging from professional platforms to social and creative networks are designed around principles of immediacy, interactivity, and algorithmic personalization. While these characteristics enhance participation, knowledge sharing, and collective innovation, they also encourage compulsive engagement patterns. This paper explores the paradoxical nature of collaborative spaces: their ability to foster community and sustain productivity is inherently linked to their tendency to blur the lines between necessity and dependency. By identifying the distinctive attributes that drive both collaboration and addiction, this study emphasizes how digital culture transforms human interaction in ways that are both empowering and entrapping.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Television, Media, Addiction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Mediation Act, of 2023, marks a significant shift in India's dispute resolution framework by institutionalizing mediation as a preferred alternative to litigation. The Act aims to streamline and promote mediation as a formal process, ensuring the enforceability of mediated settlements and encouraging pre-litigation mediation in civil and commercial disputes. However, while the legislation introduces a structured mechanism, it has shortcomings. One of the Act's key strengths is its emphasis on mandatory pre-litigation mediation for civil and commercial disputes, which could reduce the judicial backlog and promote faster resolution. The Act also provides online mediation, making dispute resolution more accessible and cost-effective. Additionally, it ensures confidentiality and voluntariness in the mediation process, which is crucial for fostering trust between parties. The recognition of mediated settlements as legally binding agreements, enforceable like court decrees, further strengthens their efficacy. Despite these advancements, the Act has several limitations. The mandatory nature of pre-litigation mediation may be counterproductive, especially in cases where parties are unwilling to mediate or where power imbalances exist. The Act also excludes certain disputes, such as those involving criminal offences, rights of third parties, and matters concerning public policy, which may limit its broader applicability. Additionally, concerns remain regarding the qualification and regulation of mediators, as the Act does not establish a robust accreditation system. The lack of provisions addressing power asymmetry in mediation, especially in disputes involving marginalized groups, could lead to unfair outcomes. Furthermore, the Act's enforcement mechanisms and procedural clarity need further refinement, particularly in ensuring that mediated settlements do not contradict existing legal rights and precedents. The success of the Act will largely depend on its implementation, mediator training, and judicial support. In conclusion, while the Mediation Act, of 2023, is a progressive step toward institutionalizing mediation in India, its effectiveness will depend on addressing practical challenges, ensuring inclusivity, and refining regulatory frameworks. A more nuanced approach, particularly in balancing mandatory mediation with party autonomy and ensuring mediator competence, will be necessary for its long-term success. The researcher will explore the new Mediation Act, of 2023 and present a critical analysis of the same.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ADRS, Mediation, Out of Court Settlements, Section 89 CPC, Dispute Resolution

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition