Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

India's growing influence on the global politics, women from India continue to face significant obstacles in international politics. This research paper examines the underrepresentation of Indian Women in international politics, highlighting the structural barriers, gender stereotypes and socio-cultural norms that hinder their participation. It also argues that Indian women's exclusion form global decision-making processes perpetuates gendered power dynamics, undermining India's potential as a global actor. The first objective of this paper is that Indian women face some challenges in international politics like gender discrimination, caste, class, religion second objective of this paper analyzes how these intersections impact their access to resources, network and decision-making positions and argues for inclusive policies to enhance Indian women's participation in global governance. This paper is based on secondary sources and methodology of this paper is descriptive and analytical. This paper studying that the ontological and epistemological underpinning of Indian women's absence in international politics, probing the nexus of power, knowledge and subjectivity that perpetuates them ensure. The study gestures towards a counter-narrative that reimagines the global as a contest terrain, where Indian women subjectivities and agencies are reconfigured as pivotal to the geopolitics of knowledge and power.

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 Keywords

Indian Women, International Politics, Gender Discrimination, Women Participation, Global Politics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This study examines the evolving landscape of research in electronic commerce, payments, security, and cryptography from 2000 to 2025. Using bibliometric techniques, the paper analyzes trends in publication volume, citation patterns, and thematic clustering in the field. Key sources, documents, and author collaboration networks were identified to understand the intellectual structure and influence of the research. The findings highlight the increasing prominence of electronic payment systems, cryptography, and blockchain as central themes in the literature, while also pointing to emerging areas like mobile payments and fraud detection. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for future research directions and practical applications in digital finance.

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Blockchain, mobile payments, digital wallets, financial inclusion, and e-commerce platforms.

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Anita Desai is one of those couple of Indian writers in English who have attempted to see personally the quandary of their female characters. The world of Anita Desai's books is the internal universe of her characters. She does not appear any preference for the political and social issues that win around her characters. She is more inspired by her characters than in making the condition which is utilized to characterize the persona. Making characters is more imperative to her than recounting a story.

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Character, Female, Identity, Self, Life

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Freedom movement and women in Farrukhabad

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Freedom movement and women in Farrukhabad

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study examined the effectiveness of a Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI)-based literacy programme in enhancing students' environmental awareness, attitudes, and willingness to engage in sustainable actions, with a particular focus on plastic pollution. A quasi-experimental design was employed with two groups: an experimental group (n = 28) exposed to the SSI-based programme and a control group (n = 27) taught through traditional instruction. Data were collected using the CHEAKS scale (Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale) through pre- and post-tests. The results revealed significant within-group gains for the experimental group, t(27) = 4.32, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.28, while the control group showed no significant improvement, t(26) = 0.96, p > .05. Between-group analysis further confirmed a highly significant difference in gain scores, t(53) = 11.86, p < .001, with a very large effect size (d = 3.20), indicating the strong impact of the intervention. These findings highlight that SSI-based pedagogy substantially enhances students' understanding and commitment to addressing environmental issues compared to traditional methods. The study highlights the pedagogical potential of integrating real-world socio-scientific concerns into classroom teaching for promoting sustainable values and aligns with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in fostering critical, responsible, and environmentally conscious learners.

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Environmental education, sustainability, NEP 2020, SSI-based pedagogy, plastic pollution, CHEAKS

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In the condition known as adhesive capsulitis, adhesions form and the glenohumeral joint's shoulder capsule becomes irritated and inflexible. Spencer's methods and Maitland mobilization are crucial managerial interventions. In the past, both Spencer's method and Maitland mobilization have been shown to be successful in treating adhesive capsulitis. However, common sense dictated that the effects of using Maitland mobilization of the shoulder joint, which is largely impacted in adhesive capsulitis, and then Spencer's method of the shoulder joint should be studied. In order to increase the extensibility of Maitland joint mobilization procedures in patients suffering from adhesive capsulitis, our study assessed the effectiveness of various therapy approaches. AIM: To find out the effectiveness of Maitland mobilization technique and Spencer's technique in the patients of Frozen shoulder. STUDY DESIGN: Comparative Study. OUTCOME MEASURES: VAS Scale, SPADI Scale, Goniometry. RESULT: In this study, there are comparison of two techniques like Maitland mobilization technique and Spencer's technique in the patients of Frozen shoulder. Both groups exhibited significant decreases in pain post-intervention. But this study found the Maitland Mobilization technique is more effective than the Spencer's technique. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study suggest that Maitland mobilization technique (Grade I & Grade II) may be more effective than Spencer's technique in adhesive capsulitis shoulder to reduce pain, improve the functional activity and improve ROM.

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 Keywords

Maitland Mobilization, Spencer's technique, Frozen shoulder, VAS Scale, SPADI Scale.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In farming and nursery practices, crop trays are commonly used for growing and transferring seedlings. A standard tray generally contains around 105 to 125 plants. However, handling these trays in wet soil is often difficult, as it can cause damage to the seedlings and increase the chances of tearing the plastic tray. Manual shifting of trays in polyhouses or farms also requires significant labour effort and reduces overall efficiency. To overcome these challenges, an ergonomic tray handling device has been developed. This device is specifically designed to handle plants with care, including sensitive or weak-stemmed seedlings, ensuring their safety during transportation. The device consists of two strong metal sheets operated by a simple lever and gear mechanism. When the lever is pressed, the sheets move apart, allowing the tray to be placed easily without strain. On releasing the lever, the sheets move back together, holding the tray securely in position. After use, pressing the lever again automatically releases the empty tray, thereby eliminating the need for manual effort. This innovative design is simple, durable, and cost-effective. It makes tray handling easier, minimizes plant damage, reduces the risk of tray breakage, and saves valuable time during plantation activities. As a result, it improves both efficiency and safety in nursery and farming operations.

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 Keywords

Ergonomic design, Crop tray handling, Seedling transplantation, Agricultural tool, Tray holder device, Lever mechanism, Plant protection, Greenhouse farming, Nursery management, Farm ergonomics

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This paper examines the central characters of Marco, Rosy, and Raju in R.K. Narayan's novel "The Guide," focusing on their roles, motivations, and transformative journeys. Through a careful analysis of these characters, the novel reveals their distinct paths, illustrating their transitions from materialistic ambitions to spiritual awakening. Narayan masterfully interlaces these individual narratives, highlighting themes of personal growth, cultural tension, and the quest for deeper meaning. As each character embarks on their journey, the novel underscores their pursuit of spiritual fulfillment, offering a nuanced exploration of the human experience.

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Preya,Shreya,Transformation ,Spiritual Enlightenment ,Materialism ,Personal Growth ,Cultural Contrast ,Character Analysis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The ?ivatattva Ci?t?ma?i, authored by Lakka??a Da??e?a during the Vijayanagara period, stands as a significant literary and philosophical work in Kannada literature. While primarily rooted in ?aiva philosophy and metaphysics, the text also reflects intricate portrayals of female characters, providing insights into the roles, virtues, and challenges of women within the socio-religious fabric of the time. The female personalities in ?ivatattva Ci?t?ma?i are not merely passive figures; instead, they embody devotion (bhakti), moral strength, intellectual depth, and emotional resilience. These characters are portrayed in diverse roles--as devoted wives, seekers of spiritual truth, and embodiments of dharma and sacrifice. Through these representations, the text explores the intersections of gender, spirituality, and duty, highlighting the importance of women in the path of liberation (mok?a). This aims to shed light on how ?ivatattva Ci?t?ma?i gives voice to feminine perspectives, enriching the narrative with a multidimensional portrayal of womanhood in the context of medieval Kannada literature and ?aiva thought.

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Lakka??a Da??e?a, ?ivatatva ci?t?ma?i, ?aiva, ?ara?

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This research paper explores the multifaceted field of diasporic studies, examining its evolution, key themes, and contemporary relevance. The study investigates the concept of diaspora, tracing its transformation from a term describing specific forms of displacement to a broader social phenomenon. It delves into central themes such as identity, transnationalism, cultural hybridity, and memory. The paper conducts a literary analysis of Amit Chaudhuri's novel "Odysseus Abroad" to illustrate these concepts, focusing on transnationalism, cultural hybridity, and the roles of memory and longing in diasporic experiences. Drawing on seminal works by scholars like Stuart Hall, Homi Bhabha, and Avtar Brah, the research highlights the complex nature of diasporic identities and experiences. It examines how characters in the novel navigate between cultures, languages, and spaces, embodying the fluid and hybrid nature of diasporic existence. The study concludes by emphasizing the ongoing relevance of diasporic studies in understanding identity, culture, and globalization in the 21st century, while also acknowledging the limitations of focusing on specific subsets of diasporic experiences.

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Disaporic insights in Amit Chaudhuri's Odysseus Abroad

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