Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Science and technology have completely transformed human life. Compared to earlier times, material comforts have increased manifold. However, alongside the rise in material comforts, human life values have also undergone change. Today, in this new environment, human beings are searching for new life values. Despite abundant material comforts, people are not finding true happiness and peace. Instead, they are experiencing stress and despair. Religions across the world have provided different kinds of life values. Yet, science has invalidated many traditional religious beliefs through its discoveries. As a result, modern intellectuals are once again searching for the meaning of life, happiness, and peace. The principles of Buddhism are based on reason, rationality, and wisdom. The Buddha neither accepted the eternity of the soul nor the existence of a creator God. He also rejected the notion of heavenly pleasures in the afterlife. Instead of faith-based religious doctrines, the Buddha accepted a scientific outlook and sought to make life happy and meaningful accordingly.

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Eightfold Path, Panch-sila, Bodhisattva, compassion, loving-kindness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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??? , ???????? , ??????? , ???????????? , ????????? , ???????????? , ?????? ??????? ?

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Negative space, commonly called white space, is a crucial but often neglected principle in graphic design. Negative space is not just an empty void; it serves as a dynamic element in visual communication, structuring, emphasizing, and enriching design compositions. In the fields of design theory, psychology, and semiotics, literature consistently emphasizes its significance for improving clarity, legibility, and user involvement. Gestalt psychology considers negative space essential to figure-ground relationships, and research in visual cognition demonstrates its role in alleviating cognitive overload and enhancing message retention. Researchers underscore its cultural and symbolic implications as well: in Eastern aesthetics, space represents harmony and balance, while in Western contexts it is often associated with minimalism, sophistication, and exclusivity. In branding, negative space acts as a potent mnemonic device, as evidenced by well-studied logos like FedEx, where nuanced use of space conveys hidden meaning and reinforces brand identity. In the realms of advertising and corporate communication, spacious layouts are indicative of professionalism and premium value. However, critiques warn that an overreliance on minimalism may alienate certain audiences. In digital design, negative space is also essential as it directs navigation, enhances usability, and promotes intuitive user experiences. This study, grounded in literature, brings together theoretical viewpoints to propose that negative space should not be seen merely as a passive absence. Rather, it is an element in design that is expressive, functional, and rich with cultural significance. Ultimately, its influence reaches beyond mere aesthetics, affecting interpretation, emotion, and engagement in both print and digital formats.

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KEYWORDS: Negative Space, Visual Communication, Minimalism, Branding, User Experience

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study focuses on examining the impact of concentration on happiness on university students . A sample of 130 students was administered with the concentration scale developed by Derryberry & Reed. (2002),Happiness scale developed by Hills & Argyle,(2002). The impact of concentration on happiness was examined using Mann - Whitney U test. The results reflect that individuals with low levels of concentration tend to experience lower levels of happiness, while those with high levels of concentration report greater happiness.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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concentration at two levels low and high , happiness and university students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Despite worldwide attempts to reduce carbon dioxide (CO?) emissions, their rise persists, making it critical to explore other methods for addressing climate change. Microbial carbon fixation, which leverages the metabolic abilities of different microorganisms to convert CO? into useful bioproducts, is a promising sustainable approach. The efficacy and scope of CO? usage have significantly increased due to recent advancements in microbial biotechnology, particularly in technologies like microbial fuel cells (MFCs), bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production platforms. This review investigates the diversity of carbon-fixing microbes, advanced biotechnological techniques that increase their effectiveness, and the use of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering to enhance CO? capture. We also emphasize the potential prospects and the difficulties related to scaling up, with an emphasis on industrial and environmental uses. A comprehensive summary of new findings is presented, including data from forty important studies on this topic.

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Microbial carbon fixation, CO? conversion, Bio electrochemical systems (BESs), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), Synthetic biology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the modern era all aspects of education, from admittance to examination, are being approached differently. The use of communication and internet technologies has completely changed the education system. Every human and every institution are using internet, computers or some electronic gadgets. This improves the communication between the relatives, family members and also with office and other institutions. Usage of these kinds of communicative devices for the teaching learning process when the students are away from the institution is highly improved. But the students should be prepared and have positive attitude towards online learning. This study assesses the attitude of 11th class students towards online learning. Descriptive survey method is adopted to carry out this research. 11th class students studying in Thiruvallur district are the population of this study.180 students were chosen through stratified random sampling technique for the study. The investigator constructed a tool to assess the attitude towards online learning. The 11th class students are found to have average level of attitude towards online learning in particular. 11th class male students possess significantly higher attitude towards online learning than their female counterparts. Locality and type of school management are not found to influence the attitude towards online learning of 11th class students.

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Attitude towards online learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper examines the secularization of politics within the Indian political structure, analyzing how secularism has evolved as a foundational principle in the governance of a diverse and pluralistic society. The study explores the historical context of secularism in India, its constitutional underpinnings, and the contemporary challenges it faces. By employing a qualitative methodology, the research highlights the dynamic interplay between secularism and various political paradigms, including nationalism, religion, and identity politics. The findings suggest that while secularism remains a critical component of Indian democracy, its interpretation and implementation are subject to ongoing contestation and transformation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Secularization, Indian Politics, Political Structure, Pluralism, Nationalism, Identity Politics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the past few years, hype marketing has become one of the powerful and influential strategies for driving consumer demand and community engagement especially in product centric industries. It leverages scarcity effects, social proof, and fear of missing out (FOMO) to stimulate rapid purchasing behavior among consumers. This paper examines the concept of hype marketing, goes back to its evolution, and analyses its application theoretically as well as practically through short case studies of Liquid Death, Stanley Cups and Labubu Doll. While the hype does contribute to brand visibility and drives sales it also presents challenges of sustainability, ethics, and consumer fatigue. This paper concludes with offering insights into the future of marketing in a digitally connected and consumer driven age.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hype marketing, scarcity, FOMO, social proof, cultural branding, consumer behavior, brand visibility, consumer fatigue, Liquid Death, Stanley, Labubu Doll

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The transgender community is always in a constant battle against oppression, abuse and discrimination faced from the society. The paper is based on primary study which focuses individuals from different districts of West Bengal to understand the dimensions of nuances faced by the community in different parts of Bengal aiming to analyse the socio-economic challenges, healthcare accessibility, and problems experiences exclusively by the trans community It was barely possible for people associated with hijra and other vulnerable professions to make the ends meet. Many trans community members had to discontinue their hormone therapy in midway due to non-availability of medicines or financial loss. Along with gender dysphoria, there is a trauma of visiting hospitals by the community members due to the harsh comments and judgements passed by health staffs and fellow patients. Along with the COVID ignited problems, this paper also explores the other challenges faced by the community in general.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Transman, Transwoman, Social Discrimination, COVID 19

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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On August 8, 1942, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quit India Resolution, marking a decisive moment in India's struggle for independence. In response, the British government swiftly arrested prominent Congress leaders. This created a leadership vacuum that was soon filled by emerging youth leaders, sparking widespread disturbances across the country. In Ballia, the movement was spearheaded by college students. These students took the bold step of shutting down their colleges and initiating protests, resulting in many of them being arrested. On August 10, student led rallies and meetings led to a complete shutdown of the local market. The momentum quickly spread to the surrounding countryside. The inability of British authorities to effectively respond undermined their legitimacy, and their position was further weakened when they resorted to force. This uprising in Ballia was driven by a distinctive local environment, shaped by a long standing tradition of resistance that had prepared its people, particularly the youth, for radical action. This section will explore the foundational context, arguing that the youth-led rebellion was the result of this unique legacy of defiance, intensified by the powerful national and international forces at play in 1942. Between August 10 and 17, unrest spread across the entire district. Over the following two weeks, Ballia was effectively cut off from the rest of the region. Revolutionaries disrupted railway services, severed telegraph lines, and blocked major roads, isolating the district and crippling colonial communication and transportation networks. This paper examines the critical role played by youth in the organization and leadership of the Quit India Movement in Ballia during August 1942. It highlights how young activists, inspired by nationalist and socialist ideologies, transformed the district into a significant centre of anti-colonial resistance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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National Movement, Quit India Movement, Qaumi Seva Dal, Satyagraha, Arya Kumar sabha, Swaraj, Ziladhish.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition