Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Polarization politics has emerged as a significant challenge in contemporary political discourse, characterized by the increasing ideological divide among political factions. This paper examines the causes and consequences of political polarization, its impact on governance, and potential pathways for constructive change in world politics. Through an analytical approach, the study synthesizes existing literature, employs qualitative methodologies, and discusses outcomes that highlight the necessity for collaborative political frameworks. The findings suggest that fostering dialogue, promoting inclusive political practices, and enhancing civic education are essential for mitigating polarization and enhancing democratic governance.

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 Keywords

Polarization politics, ideological divide, governance, constructive change, civic education, political discourse.

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Labor market witnesses a rapid shift over past decades with advancement of traditional labor market to freelance and task based economy. Emergence of digital platform and new technologies contributed to the raise of gig economy and gig workers. It is distinguished by employees who are employed on a flexible, temporary, and contractual basis. Gig work can be defined in a variety of ways, depending on the nature of the work, the work arrangement, and the legal framework. The gig economy is allowing people to earn extra or supplemental income because work is job-specific, employees can work on their own schedules and with multiple contractors which allowing them to control their work hours and pay. This research paper aims to gain insight into the challenges and opportunities face by gig workers and suggests constructive measures for the welfare of these employees. Researcher used a narrative literature review by collecting peer reviewed journals, Government reports, newspaper articles for this study. Outcome of this research paper will be useful for the future researchers, academicians and policy makers by suggesting and exploring measure towards way forward.

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 Keywords

Gig workers, Gig economy, Contract labor, Digital work place, Literature review.

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Tisane is a different name of herbo tea. Due to its biologic properties, it has reached the increased popularity and can definitely fill in the gaps in modern medicine. This drink is made out of any botanical material that is dried leaves, seeds, grasses or flowers, nuts or any other of the many species of plants except the one widely consumed called as tea species, Camellia sinensis. Other than the herbs steeped in hot water, numerous herbs are applied in the preparation of herbal tea.

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 Keywords

Extract, Tea, Seeds, Herbal.

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Early weed detection is an essential need for contemporary agriculture to avoid crop destruction, maximize herbicide application, and improve overall production. In chili crop cultivation, the occurrence of visually alike weeds makes detection challenging for visual identification, which tends to be tedious, prone to errors, and time-consuming. This study introduces a new deep learning-based method for early weed detection in chili crops by capitalizing on the strengths of three state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) models: EfficientNetV2B0, InceptionV3, and DenseNet201. An in-house dataset was gathered from actual chili fields with varying lighting conditions, occlusions, and background noises to facilitate effective training and generalization. The dataset was preprocessed and augmented to enhance feature learning and prevent overfitting. Both models were fine-tuned with transfer learning methods and learned on labeled images of weeds and non-weeds. Models were Assessed based on performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall F1-score, and inference speed. Experimental findings indicated that EfficientNetV2B0 scored the best accuracy at 97.4%, followed by DenseNet201 (95.8%) and InceptionV3 (94.6%). EfficientNetV2B0 also demonstrated better generalization and inference speed, suitable for deployment in real-time on low-resource devices. This research proves the efficiency utilizing deep learning in automating weed detection and warrants the construction of smart agriculture implements to boost the performance of farmers, minimize the utilization of chemicals, and increase sustainable agriculture in chili production .

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 Keywords

EfficientNetV2B0; InceptionV3; DenseNet201; Weed Detection; Chilli Crop; Deep Learning (DL); Machine Learning (ML); Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN); Image Classification; Precision Agriculture.

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Gender equality is a crucial determinant of health and well-being, shaping access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making across societies. Health outcomes are not defined solely by biological factors but are strongly influenced by social and economic structures. Inequalities in healthcare access, education, employment, income, and protection from violence contribute to poor health outcomes, particularly for women and marginalized groups. Conversely, gender equality improves maternal and child health, enhances mental well-being, strengthens household economic security, and fosters safer communities. Global evidence demonstrates that countries prioritizing gender-sensitive policies achieve better population health indicators and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recognizing gender equality as a health determinant is therefore essential for building inclusive, equitable, and resilient health systems.

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Gender equality, Health determinant, Well-being, Social determinants of health, Sustainable Development Goals, Women's empowerment

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This essay entitled "Khasi Indigenous Knowledge System" is a brief reflection on the Khasi Indigenous Knowledge as a knowledge system. The Khasis are among the tribal groups inhabiting in the state of Meghalaya, Northeast region, India. From ancient times they have their own culture and lived within the framework of their cultural milieu, practices and worldview. The Khasi Indigenous Knowledge represent a unique knowledge system, practices and beliefs developed by the khasi communities over generations, encompassing diverse aspects of life, including the knowledge on agriculture, medicine, governance, cultural traditions and traditional practices, beliefs and values that have often passed down orally, providing a unique perspective on the natural world, human relationships and the cosmos.

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Key words: Khasi Indigenous Knowledge, traditional practices, cultural sustainability, ecological resilience.

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ABSTRACT: The United Nations Convention unanimously define the reasonable accommodation of persons with disabilities as follows: ... "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms". The famous Genevan Philosopher-cum-Sociologist Jean-Jacques Rousseau capsulates; "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" and an American Philosopher Henry David Thoreau observes as; "Man does not always live by laws and justice but by Grace", these three statements knock every sensitive mind to think seriously about the traditional evil practices of human discrimination on the basis of corporeally and psycho-socially deviations. But, the sufferings and subjugations of the marginalized persons across the globe are the never-ending miserable experiences. Scientific advancement in medical field and societal spaces enormously and tremendously hit the delicacies and intricacies of the status of marginalized person or groups of persons. Irrespective of the geographical frontiers, race, religion, culture, caste, creed, color, gender, polity, ethnicity and ethics the marginality in the society and in an advanced stage, the marginality among the marginals is still prevailing, proactive, alive and burning the very basic existence of the human diversity and mankind ecosystem. The persons with corporeally disabled are 'not only simply marginalized, but also the marginals among the marginalized too'. Millennium Development Sustainable Goals emphasizes on; Education for All, Health for All, Employability and Skill Oriented Opportunities for All - means irrespective of the psycho-physical barriers of an individual to enable them to attain self-reliance and humility. Innumerable number of policies and programs initiated, promoted and propagated by the governmental and non-governmental agencies at all stages of public-private-participatory modes of administration across the globe striving hard to minimize and dilute the gravity of the pain and agonal issues of the marginalized sect of persons with corporeally disabled to curb the extent and effects of evil practices of societal attitudes towards them. In this regard education i.e., elementary, secondary and higher education stages are pro introductory towards the eradicative measures related to inclusion of persons with disability in all spheres viz., socio-cultural-religious-political domains. Hence, the efforts are on with slow motion pace to publicize the process of transformation of social inclusion as a public friendly initiative through interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. In order to attain the meaningful outcomes through time oriented visionary tasks and schedules; well structured, rationally calculated, scientifically analyzed, holistically perceived and spirally managed specific discipline is essentially required to be existed independently. Accordingly, by the efforts of a few thinkers and educationists across the globe have resulted in establishment of Disability Studies as an independent discipline to address the issues of the persons with disability in a systematic, proper and rational manner duly encouraging the stake holders to come forward to raise their voices against the violence and discrimination they face. At this juncture, the very existence of the Disability Studies as an independent department or discipline of studies at higher education ladder, the quantum of humanly deserved and socio-culturally bound niceties will be more vested with the said discipline pushing the same towards the paradigm shift through expansion by means of interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. As a continuum of the assertions and arguments cited above, the well-structured and scientifically carved transdisciplinary mode of approach is expected to enhance the; exchange of knowledge and learning, focus on addressing a specific problem, embraced broader perspective, social interaction and collaboration, knowledge co-creation, equitable involvement, recognizing the interconnectedness, long-term perspective, implications and potential consequences of actions, innovative approaches, shared ownership of goals, processes and outcomes, all voices are heard and valued, flexibly organized structures etc.....so on and so forth. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the positive role of transdisciplinary approach followed by interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary to enhance and emphasize the quandaries and concerns of the victims, stakeholders, activists, visionaries and entrepreneurs of the filed of Disability Studies and compel the public administrative system to make this issue a 'mass concern' and constrain the society to modify and transform its biased attitude into an acceptable act for the persons with disability duly respecting their existence as they are in order to promote equity and equality of opportunity.

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 Keywords

KEY WORDS: Vested, Nicety, Marginality, Social Exclusion, Interdisciplinary, Multidisciplinary, Transdisciplinary, Subjugation, Sufferings, Socio-Cultural-Political Implications, quandaries, paradigm shift, humility

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The study titled, "Smart Phone Addiction and Facebook Usage of Secondary School Students of Educational Zone Banihal" was descriptive in nature. The study was conducted on 200 secondary school students which were randomly selected from different schools of Banihal. The data was collected by using standardized tools and was analyzed by using percentage and t-test and Correlational Ananlysis. The main findings of the study revealed that; ? Smart Phone Addiction was found more in females of Secondary School Students of Educational Zone Banihal as compared to male Secondary School Students of Educational Zone Banihal of Jammu and Kashmir. ? No significant difference in Mean Scores of Facebook Usage of Secondary School students of Educational Zone Banihal with respect to their Gender was found. ? No significant correlation between Mean Scores of Smart Phone Addiction and Mean Scores of Facebook Usage of Secondary School Students belonging to Educational zone of Banihal of Jammu and Kashmir was found.

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 Keywords

Smart Phone, Facebook, Addiction, Random, Descriptive

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All areas of development are affected due to the pandemic, but if we talk about the education sector, it has been seriously affected. The biggest example of which is Covid-19. The country had to bear the brunt of the lockdown during Covid 19. Due to the lockdown, many changes came in the lives of students, during the pandemic about 32 crore students missed school, college and they got away from educational activities. Considering the future of the students and the importance of education, online education was started, which is a good option to maintain continuity in education, it is not that we were not aware of online education before the pandemic, even before that students and educational institutions used to resort to this medium for teaching and learning, but then it was optional that through which medium the students and educational institutions want to study and teach, but the pandemic made this option necessary for every student and educational institution and at the time of lockdown it emerged as a light in the darkness for the education sector, which showed the way to the educational institutions that in which direction they have to go. Therefore, it has become necessary to create an e-learning platform by strengthening the online teaching learning mechanism through WhatsApp, Zoom Meet, Google Meet, YouTube Live, Facebook Live etc. through laptop, desktop, tablet or smartphone via the Internet. Online education has emerged as a strong base to deal with the obstacles in the field of education during the pandemic.

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 Keywords

Pandemic, lockdown, online education, digitalisation, social distancing etc.

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Abstract: The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into democratic governance marks one of the most transformative developments of the digital age. AI promises to improve policy-making through enhanced efficiency, data-driven insights, and responsive service delivery. At the same time, it raises profound concerns about transparency, accountability, human agency, and the preservation of democratic values. This paper critically examines the dual impact of AI on democracy, focusing on its potential to enrich citizen participation and policy outcomes while highlighting the dangers of algorithmic bias, technocratic overreach, and the erosion of political equality. Drawing on theoretical debates, empirical case studies, and emerging regulatory frameworks, the paper argues that sustainable integration of AI into democratic systems requires a careful balance between technological innovation and core democratic principles, underpinned by ethical guidelines, institutional reforms, and active public engagement.

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 Keywords

artificial intelligence, democracy, policy making, algorithmic bias, sustainable integration

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