Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Background: Appendicitis remains one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide. While laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has become the preferred approach in high-resource hospitals, its role in rural and low-resource settings is less well defined due to infrastructural constraints, limited training, and cost concerns. Evaluating whether LA provides measurable recovery advantages in these environments is essential for guiding surgical policy and practice. Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (inception-August 2025). Eligible studies compared LA with open appendectomy (OA) in rural or resource-constrained hospitals. Data were extracted on length of stay (LOS), surgical site infections (SSI), postoperative pain, time to return to activity/work, intra-abdominal abscess (IAA), and cost. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Narrative synthesis and random- effects meta-analysis were performed where feasible. Results: Thirty-four studies were included, comprising six randomized trials, twenty cohort studies, three registry analyses, and five rural implementation reports. LA consistently shortened LOS by 1-3 days and reduced SSI rates by 5-15% compared with OA. Secondary outcomes favored LA, with lower pain scores, earlier return to activity, and fewer analgesic requirements. IAA rates were comparable between groups. Cost analyses demonstrated that LA was frequently cost-neutral or cost-saving in rural contexts due to reduced complications and hospitalization. Feasibility studies highlighted the potential of gasless laparoscopy, tele-mentoring, and low-cost innovations to expand access in low-resource hospitals. Conclusion: LA should be considered the default surgical approach for appendicitis in rural hospitals where feasible. Strategic investment in training, tele-mentoring, and affordable laparoscopic technologies is critical to enable safe and sustainable implementation in resource- constrained settings.

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Keywords: Laparoscopic appendectomy, Open appendectomy, Rural surgery, Postoperative recovery, Low-resource hospitals

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This paper examines the subtle portrayal of romantic affection in Bhavabh?ti's Mah?v?racarita, focusing on the delicate rendering of p?rvar?ga--the initial stirrings of love--between R?ma and S?t?. While the play is predominantly centered on the heroic (v?ra) rasa, Bhavabh?ti skilfully carves out space for emotionally rich, virtue-based affection (sneha), distinct from sensual desire (vasan?). The paper analyzes how the poet highlights spiritual love, visual delight (cak?u?-pr?ti), mutual respect (?raddh?), and moral admiration as essential foundations for an ideal conjugal bond. The study contrasts this restrained romanticism with the more passion-infused love in M?lat?m?dhava, positioning Bhavabh?ti as a literary forerunner who anticipates later dramatic expressions of refined emotional realism. Ultimately, the analysis underscores the poet's emphasis on inner virtue (gu?a), lineage, and ethical conduct over physical beauty as the basis for enduring love and marriage.

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Mah?v?racarita, Bhavabh?ti, R?ma and S?t?, p?rvar?ga, sneha, cak?u?-pr?ti, v?rarasa, virtue (gu?a), spiritual love, mutual respect (?raddh?), vasan?, conjugal affection, Sanskrit dR?ma , emotional realism.

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বৰ্তমান অসমীয়া নাট্য সাহিত্য জগতৰ এটি পৰিচিত নাম হৰেন শইকীয়া। হৰেন শইকীয়াই ‘আবেলিৰ ৰং’, ‘এজাক পক্ষীৰ কলৰব’, ‘দেওশাল’, ‘ভূমিপুত্ৰ’, ‘দেৱদসী’, ‘সত্ৰযজ্ঞ’, ‘মৈদাম’ আৰু ‘মাংৰি’ এই নখন পূৰ্ণাঙ্গ নাট ৰচনা কৰি অসমীয়া নাট্য সাহিত্যলৈ মূল্যৱান বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াইছে। তেওঁ ৰৰ খন একাংকিকা নাট, চ্ছ্ৰ খন বাটৰ নাট, এখন ৰেডিঅ’ নাট, এখন গল্প নাট, এখন নৃত্য-নাটিকা, চ্ছ্ৰ খন চিত্ৰনাট্য ৰচনা কৰিছে। নাটকৰ বিষয়বস্তু নিৰ্বাচনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত নাট্যকাৰগৰাকীয়ে বিশেষ দক্ষতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। হৰেন শইকীয়াৰ নাটকৰ বিষয়বস্তুত এখন সংস্কাৰকামী সমাজ গঢ়িতোলাৰ গভীৰ আকাংক্ষা পৰিস্ফুট হোৱা দেখা যায়। হৰেন শইকীয়াৰ এখনি উল্লেখযোগ্য পূৰ্ণাঙ্গ নাটক হ’ল- ‘সত্ৰযজ্ঞ’। আমাৰ গৱেষণাধৰ্মী এই আলোচনা পত্ৰখনিৰ আলোচ্য বিষয় হৈছে- “হৰেন শইকীয়াৰ পূৰ্ণাঙ্গ নাটক ‘সত্ৰযজ্ঞ’- এটি বিশ্লেষণাত্মক আলোচনা।” ২০১৯ চনত ৰচনা কৰা ‘সত্ৰযজ্ঞ’ পূৰ্ণাঙ্গ নাটকখনি জ্ঝ টা দৃশ্যৰে সজ্জিত কৰিছে। নাটকখনিত নাট্যকাৰে অসমৰ সত্ৰসমূহৰ দৈনন্দিন ৰীতি-নীতি, সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ লগতে সত্ৰৰ কাষতে থকা চাহ বাগানীয়া সমাজৰ জীৱন গাঁথা, শোষণ-নিষ্পেষণৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণিত হৈছে। সত্ৰযজ্ঞ নাটকৰ জৰিয়তে নাট্যকাৰে চাহ বাগানৰ বনুৱাসকলৰ জীৱন চিত্ৰ, সত্ৰ দৈন্দিন জীৱনৰ ৰীতি-নীতি, ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰা, সামাজিক দিশসমূহ দাঙি ধৰিছে। আমাৰ এই অধ্যয়নত সত্ৰসমূহৰ সামাজিক দায়বদ্ধতা, নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাম্যবাদৰ আদৰ্শ আৰু চাহ বাগানীয়া লোকসকলৰ সামাজিক উত্তৰণ, বৈষ্ণৱভাবাদৰ্শৰ প্ৰতি জাতি-জনজাতিসমূহৰ মনোভাৱ সম্পৰ্কে বিতংভাৱে আলোচনা দাঙি ধৰাই হৈছে গৱেষণা কৰ্মৰ মূল লক্ষ্য। গৱেষণা পত্ৰখনি প্ৰস্তুত কৰোঁতে বৰ্ণনাত্মক আৰু বিশ্লেষণাত্মক পদ্ধতিৰে আলোচনাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছে।

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সত্ৰ, সত্ৰযজ্ঞ, চাহ বাগানীয়া, হাৰিয়া, ধৰ্ম, শোষণ, সাম্যবাদ।

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Keywords: Diabetic macular edema, corticosteroids, dexamethasone implant, fluocinolone acetonide, triamcinolone, OCS-01, topical therapy.

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This study examines the pivotal role of Project Management Information Systems (PMIS) in strengthening monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes for externally aided development projects in developing countries. It identifies common challenges associated with M&E such as fragmented data, delayed reporting, and weak coordination and demonstrates how PMIS can address these limitations through automation, real-time data access, and improved accountability. The paper discusses a case study of the World Bank-funded Uttarakhand Decentralized Watershed Development Project (UDWDP Phase-2) in India and it analyses the structure and functionality of a customized PMIS developed by the Watershed Management Directorate (WMD). The system's integration of financial tracking, field data collection, GIS verification, and reporting significantly enhanced the project's operational efficiency and outcome monitoring. The findings underscore the importance of adopting robust digital systems like PMIS to improve transparency, effectiveness, and sustainability in development project implementation.

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Development Project; FMIS; IUFR; Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E); Project Management Information System (PMIS); UDWDP; Watershed Management Directorate (WMD); World Bank

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The project titled Ingredient Analyzer for Food and Cosmetics using Deep Learning aims to empower users by providing detailed insights into the ingredients of various food and cosmetic products. The main objective of the project is to identify potentially harmful ingredients and allergens, thereby helping consumers make informed decisions. This initiative promotes transparency between manufacturers and consumers while fostering health-conscious and eco-friendly consumption habits. The project is built on a foundation of deep learning methodologies, utilising advanced neural networks to analyse ingredient data accurately. A robust dataset comprising ingredient lists and their corresponding classifications was prepared, ensuring comprehensive coverage of both common and rare substances. The implementation involved data preprocessing, model training, and performance evaluation using metrics like accuracy and precision. The application is designed to offer an intuitive user interface with accessibility features, making it user - friendly and inclusive. Customised analysis and recommendations are integrated into the system, enabling personalized insights for different user requirements. The final product successfully identifies harmful ingredients with high accuracy, offering users clear and actionable information. It also educates them about lesser-known substances, contributing to greater awareness and informed choices. The highlights of the project include its capability to adapt to new data, provide real-time recommendations, and promote environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the Ingredient Analyzer is a step toward healthier living and responsible consumerism. Future enhancements could involve expanding the scope to include more product categories, incorporating real-time ingredient scanning through image recognition, and leveraging user feedback to refine the system. This project demonstrates the potential of deep learning in solving real-world challenges and bridging the gap between consumers and manufacturers.

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Ingredient Analyzet, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence

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The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses both transformative opportunities and constitutional challenges in democratic societies.This research article examines the interplay between AI and the Indian Constitution with a focus on three fundamental rightsfreedom of speech, equality, and the right to privacy in the digital age. The study begins with an introduction to AI's rapid integration into governance, economy, and society, emphasising its potential to enhance efficiency while also creating risks of surveillance, misinformation, and algorithmic control.it's provides the constitutional foundation by tracing how rights under Articles 14, 19, and 21 have historically evolved and how judicial interpretation has safeguarded them against technological overreach.explores the impact of AI on freedom of speech, analysing online censorship, content moderation, and the chilling effects of automated regulation.focuses on equality, highlighting how algorithmic bias and opaque decision-making processes can reinforce discrimination, thereby violating constitutional guarantees of fairness.examines the tension between AI-driven surveillance and informational privacy, particularly in light of the Supreme Court's recognition of privacy as a fundamental right in K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India. reviews the existing regulatory framework including the IT Act, IT Rules, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act while identifying key gaps in AI governance. Ultimately, the article concludes that AI is not merely a technological issue but a constitutional one, and its governance must be guided by India's constitutional principles of liberty, equality, and dignity.

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Artificial intelligence, Freedom of speech,Governance, framework,data protection, Union of India.

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Abstract: Introduction: The gut microbiome--comprising trillions of microorganisms--plays a vital role in digestion, immunity, metabolism, and the gut-brain axis. Ayurveda similarly emphasizes Agni, Ama, Doshas, and Srotas in maintaining health, with the colon (Apana Vata seat) central to systemic balance. Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts were reviewed along side five modern microbiome studies and expert lectures. Concepts were mapped to microbial physiology, and two case studies illustrated integrative approaches. Results: Clear parallels emerged between Agni and microbial metabolism, Ama and endotoxemia, Doshas and gut function, and Srotas and intestinal permeability. Ayurvedic interventions--Basti, Rasayana herbs, and dietary modulation-- improved microbial diversity, metabolic markers, and psychophysiological symptoms. Prakriti typing correlated with distinct microbial patterns. Discussion: Ayurveda and microbiome science converge on a personalized, preventive model for gut health, integrating ancient diagnostics with modern analysis for holistic care.

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Keywords: Ayurveda; gut microbiome; Prakriti; Agni; integrative medicine.

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This research paper attempts to explore Michel Foucault's concept of Biopower in the novel The Handmaid's Tale written by Margaret Atwood. This dystopian novel portrays a totalitarian society named Gilead where women are denied their bodily autonomy by objectifying them as commodities for reproduction. Biopower is the system of operating power on a population by regulating and controlling their bodies. This happens in a normative pattern that its affects the population in a devastating manner. In the novel, Gilead's oppressive regime enforces strict gender roles and religious doctrines to justify the commodification of women's body for reproductive purpose. The state establishes control and surveillance over the population by subjecting women to reproductive servitude in the name of cultural and religious norms. Thus women's body becomes a contested terrain of domination. The paper aims to provide an understanding about the biopower mechanisms established by an oppressive state in the name of social welfare and societal stability. The paper also highlights the intersection of power, gender, race , class and religious discourses in a hierarchical world. By exploring the biopower mechanisms in the novel, the paper serves as a powerful warning against the dangers of power structures that tend to control and commodify individual bodies and their reproductive capacities in the name of maintaining order and control in the contemporary world.

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Biopower, Body, Surveillance, Power

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Abstract This study explores the development and application of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) strategies to enhance listening and speaking skills of high school students' learning English as a second language. Through the implementation of communicative tasks such as role plays, interviews and listening activities, the study evaluates improvement of students in oral and aural proficiency. A mixed-method approach was employed involving pre- and post-tests, teacher observations and student feedback. Results indicate significant improvement in student fluency, pronunciation, comprehension, and confidence, affirming the effectiveness of task-based learning in secondary school English instruction.

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Task-Based Language Teaching /role plays, interviews and listening activities

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