Volume 13 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

भारत में पंचायती राज प्रणाली को स्थानीय स्वशासन की रीढ़ माना जाता है, जिसका उद्देश्य ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में लोकतांत्रिक भागीदारी को सुनिश्चित करते हुए सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक विकास को गति प्रदान करना है। 73वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम, 1992 के बाद ग्राम पंचायतों को न केवल प्रशासनिक कार्यों का निर्वहन करने का अधिकार मिला, बल्कि उन्हें विकासात्मक योजनाओं के संचालन और जनकल्याण से जुड़ी गतिविधियों को लागू करने की जिम्मेदारी भी सौंपी गई। पंचायतें कृषि, सिंचाई, पशुपालन, ग्रामीण अवसंरचना, विद्युतीकरण, वृक्षारोपण, महिला एवं बाल विकास, खेलकूद तथा कौशल विकास जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में सक्रिय भूमिका निभाती हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन "पंचायतों के विकासात्मक कार्यों और ग्रामीण संतुष्टि स्तर का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन: बिलासपुर जिले के तखतपुर विकासखण्ड के ग्राम पंचायतों के विशेष संदर्भ में" इसी परिप्रेक्ष्य में किया गया है। अध्ययन हेतु तखतपुर विकासखण्ड के 10 ग्राम पंचायतों से कुल 120 उत्तरदाताओं का चयन किया गया। आंकड़ों के संकलन हेतु संरचित प्रश्नावली एवं साक्षात्कार विधि का प्रयोग किया गया और प्राप्त आंकड़ों का विश्लेषण सांख्यिकीय तकनीकों, विशेषतः काइ-स्क्वेयर परीक्षण, द्वारा किया गया। अध्ययन के निष्कर्षों से ज्ञात हुआ कि सिंचाई योजनाएँ, ग्रामीण सड़कें एवं जलस्रोत, विद्युतीकरण, महिला एवं बाल विकास कार्यक्रम तथा कौशल विकास योजनाएँ ग्रामीण संतुष्टि स्तर से अत्यधिक सार्थक रूप से जुड़ी हुई हैं। इसके विपरीत, पशुपालन एवं कृषि-संबंधित व्यवसाय तथा युवाओं के लिए खेलकूद गतिविधियों का ग्रामीण संतुष्टि स्तर पर कोई महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव नहीं पाया गया। वृक्षारोपण एवं पर्यावरण संरक्षण गतिविधियों का संतुष्टि स्तर पर सीमित किन्तु सार्थक प्रभाव देखा गया।

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पंचायत राज, ग्राम पंचायत, विकासात्मक कार्य, ग्रामीण संतुष्टि, सिंचाई, पशुपालन, अवसंरचना, विद्युतीकरण, वृक्षारोपण, महिला एवं बाल विकास, खेलकूद, कौशल विकास।

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Timed up and go (TUG) is a quick test used in clinical practice as an outcome measure to assess functional ambulatory mobility or dynamic balance in adults. TUG Cognitive (TUG-COG) a dual-task dynamic measure for identifying individuals who are at risk for falls used in Parkinson's , Stroke patients and patients with vestibular dysfunctions. However, its reliability in middle-aged adults, a demographic often overlooked in research, remains underexplored. Hence, the purpose of our study was to assess the intra-rater reliability of TUG-COG test in middle aged adults. The aim of the study is to assess intra rater reliability of Timed Up And Go Test in Cognitive (TUG Cog) in middle aged adults. 50 Subjects performed TUG COG three times consecutively while performing a cognitive task and time was recorded during each task.The TUG COG test shows strong reliability in middle-aged adults, with an ICC of 0.813 indicating high consistency in measurements. Similarly, a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.813 confirms strong internal consistency, suggesting the test reliably measures cognitive-motor performance in this group.The TUG COG test is a reliable tool for assessing cognitive and motor function in middle-aged adults, demonstrating strong intra-rater and internal consistency reliability. It is valuable for both clinical and research use in evaluating functional performance.

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Intra rater reliability , TUG COG , middle aged adults , Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

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Womanhood is a period in female's life after her transition from childhood to adolescence, after crossing age of 18 years. Sleep disorder is a common and complicated health problem, which causes morbidity, mortality, decreasing functional capacity and quality of life. Depression is a state which affects how the person feels, think and handle daily activities. Women have particular stressors that might affect their sleep patterns and mental health, whether they are employed or not. Therefore, this comparative study is essential for understanding how different lifestyles, responsibilities and stressors influence mental and physical health among working and non working women. The main aim of the study is to compare the sleep disturbance and depression level between working and non working women. The total sample comprised of 60 women (30 working and 30 non-working) from urban area of Ahmedabad city, Gujarat,state, India. The sample of the study adopted through simple random method. Pittsburgh sleep index and Beck's Depression Inventory were used to measure sleep disturbance and depression level respectively.The working women received higher mean score 9.53 as compared to the nonworking women 6.00 and the standard deviation score of working women received 1.07 and the non-working women received 0.78. So we can say that on working women have more sleep disturbance than the non working women.The working women received higher mean score 22.07 as compared to the non working women 12.10 and the standard deviation score of working women received 0.46 and the non-working women received 0.36. So we can say that working women have more depression level than the non working women. The current comparative study comes to the conclusion that working women experience much higher levels of depression and sleep problems than non-working women do.

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Sleep disturbance, depression, working women, non working women _____________________________________________________________

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in regulating the carbon and nitrogen cycles, two of the most critical biogeochemical processes sustaining life on Earth. In the carbon cycle, microbes contribute to the decomposition of organic matter, converting complex carbon compounds into simpler forms and releasing carbon dioxide (CO?) through respiration. Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, fix atmospheric CO?, supporting primary production in aquatic ecosystems. In anaerobic environments, methanogenic archaea produce methane (CH?), while methanotrophic bacteria help mitigate emissions by oxidizing methane to CO?. In the nitrogen cycle, microorganisms facilitate key transformations including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N?) into ammonia (NH?), making it bioavailable to plants. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, while denitrifying microbes return nitrogen to the atmosphere. These microbial processes are essential for nutrient availability, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas regulation. Understanding microbial contributions to carbon and nitrogen cycling is critical in the context of climate change, agriculture, and ecosystem sustainability. This review highlights the diversity, mechanisms, and environmental significance of microbial communities involved in these cycles, emphasizing their indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance.

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Microbial ecology, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Biogeochemical processes, Soil microorganisms

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The rapid growth of data generation from diverse sources such as IoT devices, enterprise systems, and multimedia streams has led to the development of robust, scalable, and cost-efficient data pipelines. Hybrid cloud environments combining on-premises infrastructure with public cloud platforms offer a promising solution to address these demands by leveraging the strengths of both domains. This review article systematically explores recent advances in architecting end-to-end data pipelines within hybrid cloud ecosystems. Key architectural components, including data ingestion, processing, orchestration, storage, monitoring and security, are analyzed alongside their technological implementations. Experimental findings from recent literature demonstrate significant improvements in latency reduction, throughput enhancement, cost optimization, and fault tolerance when employing hybrid cloud strategies. Despite these advances, challenges remain in dynamic resource management, privacy preservation, and seamless integration of heterogeneous platforms

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Hybrid Cloud Computing, Data Pipelines, Edge Computing, Data Orchestration, Cloud Storage, Real-Time Analytics, Data Security, Fault Tolerance, Machine learning

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This conceptual paper explores the role of youth financial capability in shaping the future of sustainable finance. With increasing global emphasis on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, youth must be equipped with the financial knowledge and tools necessary to support sustainable economic development. This study proposes a theoretical framework that integrates financial literacy, access to digital financial tools, institutional support, and behavioral intention as core drivers of sustainable financial engagement. This framework contributes to the academic discourse by offering a foundation for future empirical research and policy development focused on empowering the next generation for a sustainable financial future.

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Financial Capability; Sustainable Finance; Financial Literacy; ESG Awareness; Digital Financial Tools; Behavioral Intention; Institutional Support; Financial Education

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 Abstract

भारतीय समाज की जाति-व्यवस्था एक दीर्घकालीन सामाजिक संरचना रही है, जो न केवल श्रम-विभाजन के आधार पर समाज को संगठित करती थी, बल्कि सामाजिक असमानता और ऊँच-नीच के दायरे में विभिन्न वर्गों को बाँधकर रखती थी। इस व्यवस्था ने विशेषतः शूद्रों और तथाकथित 'अवर्ण' जातियों - जिन्हें आज 'दलित' कहा जाता है - को सदियों तक शोषण, अपमान, सामाजिक बहिष्कार, शैक्षिक वंचना, और धार्मिक अस्पृश्यता के दायरे में रखा। धार्मिक ग्रंथों, सामाजिक परंपराओं और शासकीय व्यवस्थाओं ने मिलकर इस जातिगत असमानता को न केवल बनाए रखा, बल्कि उसे वैधता भी प्रदान की। ऐसे सामाजिक परिदृश्य में, जहां परिवर्तन की कोई उम्मीद क्षीण प्रतीत होती थी, डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर का उदय एक युगांतकारी घटना के रूप में सामने आया। वे केवल एक दलित नेता नहीं थे, बल्कि आधुनिक भारत के सामाजिक क्रांतिकारी, संवैधानिक विचारक, मानवाधिकारों के प्रबल पक्षधर, और एक समावेशी राष्ट्र की कल्पना करने वाले दूरदर्शी चिंतक थे। उन्होंने दलितों की पीड़ा को केवल भावनात्मक स्तर पर ही नहीं उठाया, बल्कि उसे तार्किक, राजनीतिक और विधिक ढांचे में रूपांतरित करते हुए दलित मुक्ति को एक बौद्धिक आंदोलन बनाया। डॉ. अंबेडकर की सबसे बड़ी देन यह रही कि उन्होंने दलित चेतना को दार्शनिक आधार, वैधानिक संरचना और सामाजिक न्याय की दृष्टि से सशक्त किया। 'जाति का उन्मूलन', 'बुद्ध और उनका धर्म', 'रिडल्स इन हिन्दुइज्म', 'स्टेट्स एंड माइनॉरिटीज़' तथा भारतीय संविधान की रचना के दौरान उनके योगदान ने भारत के सामाजिक न्याय की दिशा को निर्णायक रूप से प्रभावित किया। उन्होंने शिक्षा को दलित मुक्ति का सबसे बड़ा हथियार बताया और समानता, स्वतंत्रता तथा बंधुत्व के सिद्धांतों को दलित विमर्श का आधार बनाया। डॉ. अंबेडकर ने यह स्पष्ट किया कि जाति केवल सामाजिक पहचान नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक वर्चस्व और उत्पीड़न का साधन है। इसलिए, उन्होंने सिर्फ आरक्षण या राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व की मांग नहीं की, बल्कि एक ऐसे समाज की रचना का स्वप्न देखा जिसमें व्यक्ति की पहचान उसकी जाति नहीं, बल्कि उसका मानवीय अस्तित्व हो। उन्होंने भारतीय समाज को बौद्ध धर्म की करुणा, तर्क और समानता की ओर उन्मुख किया और अपने अनुयायियों से आह्वान किया कि "शिक्षित बनो, संगठित बनो और संघर्ष करो।" इस प्रकार, डॉ. अंबेडकर की विचारधारा न केवल दलित चेतना की प्रेरक शक्ति है, बल्कि भारत के समावेशी, न्यायसंगत और लोकतांत्रिक भविष्य की दिशा भी निर्धारित करती है। इस शोधप्रबंध में डॉ. अंबेडकर की दलित चेतना, उनके दार्शनिक और वैधानिक योगदान, तथा उनकी प्रासंगिकता पर विस्तार से विश्लेषण किया जाएगा। दलित चेतना का तात्पर्य उस सामाजिक एवं वैचारिक जागरूकता से है जो दलित समुदाय को अपने अधिकारों, आत्मसम्मान और सामाजिक बराबरी के लिए संघर्ष करने को प्रेरित करती है। यह चेतना जातिगत हीनता, छुआछूत और शोषण के विरुद्ध संघर्ष का प्रतीक बन जाती है। अंबेडकर ने दलित चेतना को केवल प्रतिक्रिया तक सीमित नहीं रखा, बल्कि उसे संविधानिक अधिकारों, शिक्षा, सामाजिक समरसता और आत्मनिर्भरता के आधार पर पुनर्परिभाषित किया। डॉ. अंबेडकर स्वयं एक अस्पृश्य जाति (महार) से थे और उन्होंने अपने जीवन में गहन जातीय भेदभाव का अनुभव किया। इन अनुभवों ने उनमें समाज के निचले तबकों के लिए न्याय और सम्मान की आग प्रज्वलित की। उन्होंने शिक्षा को मुक्ति का मार्ग माना और स्वयं उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त कर दलितों के लिए प्रेरणा बने।

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भीमराव अंबेडकर, दलित चेतना, सामाजिक न्याय, जाति व्यवस्था, संविधान निर्माता, अधिकार चेतना, सामाजिक क्रांति

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"I was lonely and frightened, I didn't know the next step. I was finally fully persuaded that I was "queer," but had no idea what to do about it." With these words written by American playwright Tennessee Williams in his autobiography Memoirs (1975), I would like to take my audience to his phantasmagoric world of the 'Queer.' In such a realm, there is a continual interplay of conflict revolving around language, identity and belonging. Today, the lexical meaning of the term primarily caters to sexual orientation. However, it originally meant 'strange' or 'peculiar.' While reading the one-act plays of Williams, it doesn't seem that they strictly cater to the former meaning rather they contain elements of both the former and latter connotation of the term. In this regard, I shall introduce a string of characters from his one-act plays who might be categorized as 'queer.' Using this word, Williams perhaps tries to portray not only himself but also some of his beloved protagonists as the 'other.' The reason behind deciding to work on his short plays is that, these works have been long overshadowed by the popularity of his longer plays such as The Glass Menagerie (1944) or A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) or Cat on a hot tin roof (1955) and so forth. However, the short plays are equally significant and reveal fascinating perspectives on the quality of being different from what is conventional or usual. The texts often engage with an abiding concern for the individual's construction of an identity in relation to his or her society. From this viewpoint, my paper shall investigate issues of the depiction of individual struggles as they relate to identity within the contested terrain of social space. Interestingly, several philosophers have spoken about the notion of 'Othering.' However, my paper proposes a general understanding of Tennessee Williams' concept of 'Othering' from a philosophical point of view drawing on theories of the 'Other' and its representation propounded by French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995). The primary reason behind choosing Levinas' concept of 'Othering' is that he seems to celebrate the 'other' and so does Williams in his works and of all philosophers, in the twentieth century Levinas spoke the most on the notion of 'othering.'

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Queer, Other. Identity. Space

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Abstract:---- The Grapes of Wrath is a novel about migrant workers escaping environment catastrophe being subjected to racist abuse and robbed of their dignity and basic rights by extreme poverty. It explores the social and economic hardships faced by the migrant farmers during the Great Depression. The novel highlights the plight of tenant farmers dispossessed of their land due to drought, agricultural mechanisation and the greed of large landowners. It portrays the struggle of the Joad family and others like them as they migrate to California seeking work and better life only to encounter poverty, exploitation and systematic injustice. The novel criticises the dehumanising aspects of capitalism and champions the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. Here grapes symbolises abundance and fertility while wrath suggests anger and divine punishment. The contrast between grapes and wrath highlights the disparity between prosperity and poverty. To conclude , Grapes of wrath serves as a social commentry on the Great Depression, shedding light on issues of poverty and exploitation.

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Racist, Dignity, Poverty, Great Depression, Landowners, Wrath, Dehumanise etc.

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After gaining independence India committed itself to create a socialist pattern of society by giving the public sector a commanding role in the economy. Socialism was the guiding philosophy of economic policy making until the late 1980s when capitalistic economic reforms were launched. The socialist policies neither accelerated economic development nor created a more egalitarian society. Contrary to the popular notions against capitalism, it has accelerated development and sharply reduced poverty. The last three decades have witnessed a transformative change. India today is poised to become the third largest economy in the world. The economic freedom offered in a capitalistic economy stimulates individual action and promotes growth.

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socialism, capitalism, economic reforms, economic growth, globalisation

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