Volume 13 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are required to protect the modern communication networks. The main aim of such systems was pattern recognition, signature analysis and rule violation detection. The past few years have been promising in the field of network intrusion detection due to the implementation of Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods. These techniques are able to distinguish normal and abnormal trends. This paper checks Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) with the NSL-KDD benchmark data set using different forms of machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree and Logistic Regression among others. We go into depth on how those methods worked, and how their findings surpassed those of earlier studies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Deep learning,Machine Learning,supervised Machine Learning Techniques,Decision Trees,Random Forest

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability and enhances neuroplasticity through low-intensity electrical currents applied via scalp electrodes. This review examines the mechanisms, efficacy, and diverse applications of tDCS in areas such as cognitive enhancement, motor rehabilitation, and psychiatric treatment. A structured literature search was performed across major scientific databases to identify original research articles evaluating tDCS effects. The selected studies demonstrate the polarity-dependent modulation of brain activity, with anodal stimulation enhancing and cathodal stimulation reducing excitability. Findings suggest potential improvements in motor function post-stroke, enhancement of cognitive processes such as memory and multitasking, and alleviation of depressive symptoms in clinical populations. High-definition tDCS shows improved targeting of brain regions compared to conventional methods. Despite promising outcomes, challenges such as variability in individual responses, small sample sizes, and non-standardized protocols limit broader clinical adoption. Future research should focus on optimizing stimulation parameters and exploring long-term effects. Overall, tDCS holds considerable promise for therapeutic and enhancement purposes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS and motor rehabilitation, tDCS and cognitive enhancement, and tDCS in psychiatric disorders.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: "A study to assess knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health among adolescent students at the selected senior secondary school in Anupgarh district with a view to develop an informational booklet.'' OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To assess the knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health among adolescent students of the selected senior secondary school in Anupgarh district. 2. To find out the significant association of knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health with their selected demographic variables. 3. To develop an information booklet regarding effects of substance abuse on health for adolescent students of the selected senior secondary school in Anupgarh district RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A descriptive approach was used for this study. The study was carried out among adolescent students at the selected senior secondary school in Anupgarh district. The research design was descriptive research design. The sample comprised of total 100 adolescent students at the selected senior secondary school were selected by convenience sampling technique. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: o The study found a significant association between adolescents' knowledge of substance abuse and their age (?2=16.466) and educational standard (?2=6.9015) at the 0.05 level of significance, supporting the research hypothesis (H1). However, no significant association was found with gender, family type, area of residence, substance abuse in the family, or family income, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis (H0). This suggests that age and education level influence knowledge, while other demographic factors do not. Targeted educational interventions can enhance awareness among adolescents. o There was significant association between knowledge of adolescents and their socio- demographic variables such as Age (?2= 16.466) and educational standard (?2= 6.9015), at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the research hypothesis H1was accepted and null hypothesis H01 was rejected. o There was no significant association between knowledge of adolescents and their socio-demographic variables such as gender (?2= 0.1825), Type of Family (?2=1.9444), Area of residence (?2= 1.444) Substance abuse in family (?2= 0.2962) and family income (monthly) (?2=7.9524), at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the research hypothesis H1was rejected and null hypothesis H01was accepted. o The findings highlight that a significant portion of the adolescent population possesses good knowledge about substance abuse. However, gaps remain in certain areas, particularly among specific socio-demographic groups. The association of knowledge levels with variables such as age and educational standard suggests the need for targeted interventions. The study's results affirm the relevance and reliability of the research tool used CONCLUSION The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the findings of the study. Majority (63%) had good knowledge, 36% had average knowledge, and only 1% had poor knowledge. Significant associations were observed between the level of knowledge and certain socio-demographic variables, such as age and educational standard. Most students were from urban areas, belonged to nuclear families, and had no history of substance abuse in their families. Age and education level significantly influence students' knowledge about substance abuse. Other demographic factors, including gender, family type, and residence, do not play a significant role. The study suggests focusing on educational interventions to improve awareness among younger students and those in lower grades.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Knowledge, Substance abuse, adolescents, Informational booklet.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract : The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a novel medicated herbal lip balm infusing Beta vulgaris (beetroot) juice , the balm is aimed at soothing chapped lips and reducing pigmentation. Lip balm serves as an effective semi-solid dosage form for topical localized treatment of lip-related conditions, providing a protective , shield like barrier, hydrating property , and targeted delivery of active ingredients with excellent patient compliance . The formulas developed in this study are innovative and new , have not been previously reported in the same combination and concentration. Our Two unique formulas (F1 and F2) were prepared using natural ingredients such as beeswax, almond oil, shea butter, rose oil, and alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E). Beta vulgaris provides a natural red tint along with antioxidant and anti-pigmentation properties. Alpha-tocopherol supports healing and protects lips from oxidative damage, enhancing the therapeutic potential. The lip balms were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, spreadability, greasiness, melting point, and skin irritation. Among the two, F2 demonstrated superior characteristics--improved consistency, reduced greasiness, balanced spreadability, and enhanced stability. Both formulations were found safe for application, but F2 emerged as more effective for daily use. This research supports the development of , natural, and treatment-oriented lip balm formulations using herbal ingredients.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words: Beta vulgaris, Beetroot extract, Alpha-tocopherol, Chapped lips, dry lips

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Because imaging technology keeps advancing, we now need new options for guarding the copyrights of digital images. Copyright can be used to make sure an image and its ownership are recognized and to notice if an image is copied illegally. Nowadays, libraries are shifting because digital resources are more accessible and easier to use. In digital library settings, both pictures and writings are shared on the internet for scholars to study. At the same moment, care is given to preventing people from using the photos illegally for any commercial purpose. We explain in this paper how perceptually based digital image watermarking uses the human eyes and brain to keep watermarks hidden. Any watermarking technique trying to add an invisible mark to an image can be considered perceptually based, no matter which other aspects it includes. Still, to ensure that watermarks are invisible and strong, advanced use of visual elements during the watermarking process has to be applied. We have offered a solution that increases the strength of the watermark.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital image watermarking, Spread-Spectrum techniques.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Introduction: Intravenous (IV) therapy is an important part of clinical care. It can be used to restore fluids, administer blood products or medications, or serve as an alternate route for nutrition when the gastrointestinal tract is not functioning adequately. IV therapy is a common intervention in nursing practice and useful for rapidly addressing symptoms and restoring hemostasis. Although initiating IV therapy is a common nursing intervention, it is an invasive skill and requires diligent safety practices to prevent and address complications. Intravenous therapy (IV therapy) involves the administration of substances such as fluids, electrolytes, blood products, nutrition, or medications directly into a client 's vein. The intravenous route is preferred to administer fluid and medications when rapid onset of the medication or fluid is needed. The direct administration of medication into the bloodstream allows for a more rapid onset of medication actions, restoration of hydration, and correction of nutritional deficits. IV therapy is often used to restore fluids and/or electrolyte balances more efficiently than what would be achieved via the oral route. Aim: The Study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of A comparative study to evaluate the effectiveness of Video Demonstration Teaching Method versus Manual Demonstration Teaching Method on Knowledge regarding Intravenous Procedure among BSc. Nursing Students of BTNC, Sagar, MP, India. OBJECTIVES: Primary Objective: ? To determine if video demonstrations are more effective than manual demonstrations for teaching intravenous procedures. Methodology: This comparison study was conducted on 66 under B.sc nursing student who were randomly assigned to two group. Group A attended a classroom demonstration method and group B underwent video-based teaching on intravenous procedure. Learning level of both the groups was compared by using independent 't' test Result: The Pretest knowledge was notified that mean 16.75, standard deviation is 3.93 and minimum value 6.00 or maximum value is 25.00. The Post-test knowledge was notified that mean 26.30, standard deviation is 4.27 and minimum value 13.00 or maximum value is 35.00. Pre-test practice was notified that mean 20.51, standard deviation is 6.57 and minimum value 6.00 or maximum value is 33.00. The Posttest practice was notified that mean 39.50, standard deviation is 5.05 and minimum value 15.00 or maximum value is 48.00. After completing this study, study came to the conclusion that the students of B.Sc. Nursing in a selected university in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, had little understanding of cannulation and its care Conclusion: The study concludes by highlighting the intravenous procedure knowledge among the B.sc nursing student at BTNC Sagar M P. By providing them a knowledge in two ways, the video demonstration and the manual demonstration and compare the effectiveness. So, there can be less malpractice followed and no error can be seen in patient. It will help to provide the good quality of care to the patient and cost effective.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

KEYWORDS: Evaluate, Effectiveness, Knowledge, Video Demonstration, Manual Demonstration, Student.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In an age where expression is abundant, silence remains a powerful and subversive literary device. This paper explores how silence functions not merely as absence but as a form of resistance in modern fiction. Through the analysis of key contemporary works--including those by Toni Morrison, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Arundhati Roy--this study examines how characters and narrators use silence to confront trauma, reject authority, and preserve agency. The research also investigates the thematic and structural use of unsaid or unspoken elements, arguing that silence, when deliberately employed, becomes a language of protest, memory, and power.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Silence in literature, Literary resistance, Trauma narratives, Narrative structure, Unspeakable experiences, Modern fiction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Accessible Wardrobe app is an innovative, mobile-based solution specifically designed to address the clothing needs of disabled individuals and busy professionals who often face challenges in traditional shopping environments. The app is built on the principles of universal design, digital accessibility, and smart shopping experiences, offering users the ability to explore, try, rent, and purchase clothing with ease and personalization. At its core, the application leverages Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies to enable a Virtual Try-On (VTO) Room, where users can upload their personal images and visualize how different garments will look on them in real-time. This drastically reduces guesswork and enhances user confidence when making style decisions--especially for users who may be physically unable to try clothes on in traditional stores. The virtual try on feature improves user satisfaction and minimizes returns, which is a common problem in online shopping. The platform provides three primary modes of engagement: A Clothing Purchase Module, where users can buy from a wide variety of curated outfits categorized by gender, type, size, and color. A Clothing Rental Service, designed for short-term needs like weddings, interviews, or events. This not only supports sustainable fashion practices but also makes high-quality clothing more affordable and accessible. A Virtual Try-On, It helps users to select their desired dresses, through the image uploaded in the profile they can easily try the clothes that suits on it Track customer history and preferences.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Virtual Try-On Room, Augmented Reality, Clothing Rental Module, Clothing Purchase Module, Virtual Reality.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In India, where it has lengthy been debatable for the law to well-known a husband's sexual abuse of his spouse, marital rape is still a major trouble. The felony and social ramifications of marital rape in India are tested in this text along with its many facets. The belief of marital rape and its unique placing in Indian society are delivered on the outset, with a focal point on how cultural and traditional norms have traditionally included offenders from prison repercussions. With references to pertinent sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), the legal shape surrounding marital rape is reviewed, with a specific awareness on the lack of laws mainly addressing the crime and the absence of exceptions for marital rape. A comparative evaluation gives viewpoints that may be beneficial in the Indian context with the aid of dropping mild on how different international locations have tackled marital rape via criminal reforms. Because they often thwart attempts to make marital rape against the law, sociological and cultural impediments like patriarchy, gender inequality, and the acceptability of male electricity in marriage are tested. The massive psychological and bodily effects that marital rape has on survivors, in addition to the broader societal repercussions, are also blanketed within the article. Given those problems, the have a look at suggests legislative adjustments, public cognizance projects, and survivor assist networks as methods to well-known and combat marital rape.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

IPC, BNS, Martial tape

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Education is one of the most significant factors which determine the social change in any society. It is widely recognized as a major factor influencing an individual's social as well as economic success, as it provides a pathway to improved opportunities and a better quality of life (OECD, 2020). According to Nelson Mandela, "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." Education plays a significant role in modernizing society. It enriches the knowledge, skills and personality of individuals to enhance the quality of life of individuals in the society. The impact of education is observed on all the communities. Bhalavalikar Gauda Saraswath Brahmins are one of the caste groups found in Dakshina Kannada District. The present paper aims at elaborating the educational status of the Bhalavalikar Gauda Saraswath Brahmin community. The paper includes the study of the level of education, parental aspiration regarding their children education and changes that have taken place due to their educational achievements. The present study is based on primary source of data collected from four Taluks of Dakshina Kannada district, namely Sullia, Puttur, Bantwala and Belthangady taluk. The study is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Based on non-probability purposive sampling method 200 respondents were selected for the present study.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Education, Educational Status, change, Parental aspiration, Bhalavalikar Gauda Saraswat Brahmins.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition