Volume 12 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Abstract: Listening, the very basic language skill, is the gate way for enhancing the other skills like Speaking, Reading and Writing. Yet, it is pained to notice that such a skill is often overlooked in the present curriculum of both schools and colleges. Until the late 19th century, written mode was playing a paramount role in language learning and then onwards listening began to gain its importance in language teaching. The challenges towards teaching Listening are now better understood because of the new strategies contributing to effective listening. Still the assessment of students' listening skills remains far behind the current views of listening and hence innovations have to be made to renovate the teaching of Listening. It is a proven fact that the skill of Listening helps the students to be the best with their studies. The students who are good at Listening learn better and quicker and have sounder judgments about what is heard. It helps them to acquire detailed comprehension. Listening and vocabulary are interrelated. It is firmly believed that Listening and Speaking are by far two most important communication skills. This paper deals with the definition of Listening, the basic difference between Listening and Hearing, different types of Listening, its importance in language acquisition, what hinders one from being an active listener, various process of Listening and at length discuses various strategies for enhancing this particular skill.

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Listening, overlooked, enhancing Language skills, curriculum, paramount, innovations, hinders, Teaching skills and Language Acquisition.

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ABSTRACT Imprisonment is not necessarily a deterrent to continued criminal behaviour. Some prisoners continue with their criminal activity while in prison. This can take the form of operating illicit businesses, attempting to radicalize other prisoners, and sustaining gang related activity in the prison. They may also seek to maintain their outside criminal activity, including directing terrorist operations, operating drug syndicates and serious crime gangs. Prison services in the prison administration is the respect international norms, and prison administration standards are central to maintaining peace and security, public safety, and respect for human rights. The prison security breaches, including continued criminal activity while imprisoned, can have a destabilizing effect well beyond prison walls. Armed groups regularly target weak prisons all over the world, to replenish their ranks with detainees. Prison systems are commonly designed for the male majority population and as such, gender inequality typically characterizes all aspects of the prison regime. The intelligence function is a critical component of any organization. Within law enforcement agencies, the military and commercial business, intelligence, and analysis are used by senior managers in the decision-making process. Intelligence helps to reduce uncertainty and to focus resources in the right areas.

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Keywords: prison administration, prison intelligence, security, destabilizing, replenish and radicalization

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Skin cancer is a critical global health issue, and early and accurate classification of skin lesions can significantly improve clinical outcomes. Despite the potential of automatic skin cancer classification systems, challenges such as data imbalance, limited training images, cross-domain adaptability, and model robustness persist. Recently, deep learning-based methods have shown promise in addressing these challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest deep learning algorithms for skin cancer classification. We discuss three types of dermatological images and review publicly available skin cancer datasets. Successful applications of typical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are examined, highlighting solutions for frontier problems like data imbalance, data scarcity, domain adaptation, and model efficiency. Our review indicates that future development in this field is trending towards structured, lightweight, and multimodal approaches. For ease of reference, key findings are summarized in figures and tables.

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mMelanoma; skin cancer; artificial intelligence (AI); deep learning; neural network

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Rural development through primary education within the framework of the Panchayati Raj system em-bodies a multifaceted approach aimed at empowering rural communities, enhancing educational oppor-tunities, and fostering sustainable development. The Panchayati Raj system, enshrined in the Indian Constitution, delegates governance to local self-governing bodies known as Panchayats, which play a pivotal role in orchestrating rural development initiatives, including primary education. One of the pri-mary objectives of integrating rural development with primary education under the Panchayati Raj sys-tem is to address disparities in access to quality education. In many rural areas, geographical remote-ness, inadequate infrastructure, and socio-economic barriers impede children's ability to attend school regularly. Panchayats, with their intimate understanding of local dynamics, can devise strategies to im-prove school infrastructure, provide transportation facilities, and implement incentive schemes to en-courage school attendance. Moreover, the Panchayati Raj system facilitates community involvement in educational planning and governance processes. By organizing village-level meetings, consultations, and participatory decision-making forums, Panchayats empower local stakeholders, including parents, teachers, and community leaders, to contribute to educational policy formulation, resource allocation, and monitoring mechanisms. This bottom-up approach not only enhances ownership and accountability but also ensures that educational initiatives align with the aspirations and cultural sensitivities of rural populations.

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Rural Development, Panchayati Raj System, Primary Education.

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The goal of predictive maintenance (PdM), a strategic strategy, is to effectively manage asset maintenance by employing data-driven strategies to predict problems. This process involves gathering data over time to monitor the condition of the equipment in order to identify patterns and correlations that can help anticipate and prevent problems. In the manufacturing sector, machinery is often run without a planned maintenance schedule, which leads to unexpected downtime due to unplanned malfunctions. In order to prevent unplanned breakdowns, scheduled maintenance entails inspecting the state of the machinery at predetermined intervals and replacing defective parts. This strategy, however, raises maintenance expenses and machine downtime. The emphasis on PdM techniques, which can lower downtime costs and increase the availability (utilization rate) of industrial equipment, has increased with the rise of Industry 4.0 and smart systems. Furthermore, by optimizing component useful life, PdM holds the potential to bring about sustainable practices in manufacturing. Analyses have been conducted on supervised learning methods such as Gradient Boosting Classifier, CatBoost Classifier, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, and Extreme Gradient Boosting.

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predictive maintenance, Industry 4.0, Industrial Robotics

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ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AMONG B.ED STUDENT TEACHERS IN TRICY DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU ABSTRACT The study examined achievement motivation among 100 B.Ed. student teachers using a survey method. The research aimed to assess the motivation levels and identify any significant differences based on gender and medium of instruction. The results showed moderate motivation levels among B.Ed. student teachers, with a significant difference between male and female teachers. However, no significant difference was found based on the medium of instruction. The study concluded that gender significantly impacts motivation levels, while medium of instruction did not have a significant influence. Overall, the study highlights the importance of motivation in competitive situations among B.Ed. student teachers.

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Keywords: Achievement, Motivation, B.Ed. Student, B.Ed. Teachers

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Abstract: Women's perception of menopause is influenced by various factors including cultural, sociocultural factors can affect women's attitude, perception and experience towards menopause. Experiencing the symptoms of menopause is individual and depends on the influence of many factors, not just hormonal changes, but also external factors, e.g., living conditions, general health, social functioning and the perception of ageing. These factors interact, strengthening and weakening, affecting the perception and quality of life among menopausal women. Objectives:1. To assess the perception of women related to menopause. 2. To assess the quality of life regarding menopause among women.3.To find the correlation between perception and quality of life of menopausal women. Methods and material: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in this study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 140 menopausal women. Data were collected through two tools that includes: menopausal perception and Menopausal Quality of Life. Results: The findings of the study were, that the majority of the samples 78 (55.71%) were having negative level of perception on menopause whereas 62 (44.28%) were having positive perception on menopause among women, it also depicted that mean score of perception on menopause was 11.55 with SD 4.80.The study also proved that the majority of the samples 77(55%) were having average level of menopausal quality of life, 39(27.85%) were having poor and 24(17.14%) were having good menopausal quality of life among women, it also depicted that mean score on quality of life on menopause was 48.03 with SD 16.92. Conclusion: Hence this study strongly recommends that the development and implementation of training and health education program for premenopausal and menopausal women is essential and also further researches is required.

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Keywords: Perception, Quality of life, Menopause, Menopausal women

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In the current study, the anti-hypertensive medication felodipine or dispersible tablets that are employed via direct compression method are modelled and evaluated in vitro using a variety of super disintegrants. Guar gum, sodium starch glycolate, and Croscarmellose sodium were used as super disintegrants in the preparation of the dispersible felodipine tablet. Other excipients included mannitol, talc, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and others. Precompression characteristics of the prepared dispersible tablet, such as bulk and tapped density, angle of repose, cars index, etc., were assessed. The range contains all of the parameters. Studies on post-compression characteristics such as hardness, thickness, disintegration time, dissolution, and stability were also conducted. Out of all the formulations, the F1 formulation was determined to be the most optimised. The F1 formulation had a 15-second disintegration time and a 15-minute drug release percentage of around 100.047%. The stability investigations yield excellent results as well.

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Orodispersible tablets, Patient compliance, Quick onset, Rapid melt tablets, Antihypertensive activity.

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Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd is a shrubby and thorny plant. The flowers are collected into three, belonging to the Nytaginaceae family, which is efficacious as a sunscreen because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics, which are polyphenolic compounds. In present work things like the SPF value, the amount of erythema transmitted (Te%), and the amount of pigmentation transmitted (Tp%) was measured for ethanolic extract. Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd was extracted by maceration for 4 days and remaceration for 2 days using ethanol as the solvent, and the yield percentage was 12.50%. Furthermore, phytochemical screening and an in vitro Sunscreen Activity Test were carried out using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. Based on the sunscreen activity test, the ethanol extract made in 4 concentrations showed maximum sunscreen activity at SPF values with concentrations of 600 ppm , 800 ppm.

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Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd., Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity, SPF

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Chronopharmacology is a subfield of pharmacy that focuses on understanding the relationship between biological rhythms and pharmacotherapy, or the timing of medication delivery and its effects. In Ayurveda, chronobiology is a fundamental idea. Doshas recognise all three types of rhythms--circadian, menstrual, and annual--both qualitatively and numerically. In fact, circannual rhythms are seen as an extension of circadian rhythms. According to Susruta, one should observe the characteristics of the seasons throughout the day and night, including the characteristics of the seasons of spring, summer, early rains, early night, autumn, and early winter. Ayurveda emphasize that Timely medicine is connected to Dosha variations and biorhythms. Whenever we planned a Ayurveda medicine in time bound manner its effects specificity and role is more specific diseases. Chronopharmacology and Bhshaj kaal is closely related to each other. Bheshaj sevan Kaal is a concept described in Ayurved samhitas which means the time of Bheshaj sevan The term "kaal" in the Ayurvedic Samhitas refers to the moment when a drug is administered. Kaal (Time) is a component of karana dravya and has a variety of significant functions in our lives. The Shrishti Uttapatti is the source of the Kaal's existence. Trisutra Ayurved, which provides the knowledge of the entire Ayurveda, has been described by Acharya Charak. Trisutra consists of Hetu (causes), Linga (signs and symptoms), and Bheshaj (medications).Acharya Charaka also mentions the patient's desha (region), kala (time), pramana (dose), satmya (wholesomeness), asatmya (unwholesomeness), aahara (food), and Bheshaj (medication) as additional factors. Kaal is a specific and unique cause of all results, and it is also inescapable. The science of life known as Ayurveda places more stress on the concept of kaal because it is one of the karan dravya. A biological process or function that has a rhythm that is inherently determined, such as sleep behavior, as well as the underlying mechanism that controls such a process or function. The goal of the current study is to critically analyze the terminology and nomenclature employed in samhitas for the timing of the administration of ayurvedic herb-and-mineral preparations (Bheshaj sevan kaal).I n order to accomplish this, one of our goals is to research the notion of Bheshaj sevan kaal in various Samhitas in order to determine how useful it is in identifying the textual study material that should be chosen for the therapy regimen. Different samhitas and their commentary use different terminologies and nomenclature. According to samhitas, there are also minor variations in the number of different varieties of Bheshaj sevan kaal. Because agni is the key element in creating the Dhatu Samyata, all Ayurvedic treatments primarily focus on preserving and maintaining its potency. The Bheshaj Seven Kala idea aids in the knowledge of food and drug interactions, enabling Ayurvedic doctors to offer patients immediate and long-lasting treatment.It has been noted that in the modern period, proper medication administration is not carried out in relation to dosha, dusya, rogi, and rogbala in consideration of the Bheshaj seven kaal, and as a result, treatment is unsuccessful in curing the patients. In this study, it was found that several Bheshaj sevan Kaals were described by various Acharyas using various terminologies in the Ayurvedic literature.

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Chrono pharmacology, Bheshaj seven kaal, Timely Medicine, Biorhythms

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