Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Abstract This paper examines the geopolitical and strategic implications of India's accelerated infrastructure construction along its contested frontiers, focusing specifically on the activities of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO). For decades, India maintained a cautious "neglect by design" policy regarding its northern and eastern frontiers to deny invading forces easy movement into its heartland. However, asymmetric Chinese infrastructure expansion and recent border standoffs--culminating in the 2020 Galwan Valley clash--prompted a decisive shift toward proactive deterrence and rapid mobilization capability. Drawing on recent strategic literature and structural data, this paper assesses how the BRO's network of all-weather roads, high-altitude tunnels, and heavy-load bridges serves as a critical force multiplier for military logistics while simultaneously fostering socioeconomic integration for isolated border communities. Finally, the paper evaluates the resulting regional security dynamics, exploring how this rapid construction interacts with the classic "security dilemma" between nuclear-armed neighbors and proposing structural reforms to enhance future border governance.

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Keywords: Strategic Infrastructure, Border Roads Organisation (BRO), Regional Security, Force Multiplier, Military Logistics, India-China Border, Deterrence Posture.

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Abstract This article revisits the 1819 odes of John Keats to explore the complexity of his aesthetic philosophy beyond the oft-quoted dictum "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." While this statement from Ode on a Grecian Urn has traditionally been interpreted as the central tenet of Keats's thought, a closer reading of the odes reveals a far more nuanced engagement with themes such as transience, melancholy, imagination, and mortality. Through detailed analysis of Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche, Ode on Melancholy, and To Autumn, the paper argues that Keats's poetry resists reductive interpretation and instead embraces ambiguity through the principle of Negative Capability. The study highlights how Keats negotiates the tension between permanence and change, pleasure and pain, and imagination and reality, thereby transforming aesthetic experience into a profound existential inquiry. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that Keats's odes articulate a dynamic and evolving vision of beauty--one that is inseparable from human limitation and uncertainty.

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Keywords Romanticism; Aesthetics; Negative Capability; Transcience; Imagination; Melancholy; Beauty and Truth; 1819 Odes; Existential Inquiry

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This study offers a comparative, mixed-methods examination of ICT attitudes among students and ICT perceptions among teachers in CBSE and State Board high schools of Indore district, India. Quantitative data were collected from 409 students and 205 teachers across 18 schools using standardized attitude/perception scales, supplemented by qualitative case-study interviews with 4 principals and 12 teachers across four purposively selected schools. Reliability analysis revealed that the 30-item teacher scale was not unidimensional, resolving instead into two independently reliable subscales -- Perceived Benefits (? = 0.802) and Perceived Risks (? = 0.568) -- a finding with methodological implications beyond this study. Results showed no significant difference in student ICT attitude by board (p = .081) but a significant difference by school management type, with private-school students scoring higher (p < .001). Teachers showed a more complex pattern: State Board teachers scored significantly higher than CBSE teachers on both perceived benefits (p = .0006) and perceived risks (p = .0045) -- suggesting more reflective, actively evaluative engagement with ICT rather than simple enthusiasm or aversion. Qualitative findings corroborate and contextualise these patterns. The study argues that board affiliation is a weaker predictor of ICT-related outcomes in Indian secondary education than school management type and teachers' stage of technology adoption, with direct implications for how ICT policy and teacher training should be targeted.

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ICT integration, CBSE, State Board, teacher perception, student attitude, mixed-methods research, Indore district

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Staff retention is one of the major issues faced in the Kerala niche of the private healthcare industry and especially because of the growing workforce mobility and migration of healthcare workers. This paper discusses the role of employee morale in retention of employees in Kerala private hospitals through conceptualization of employee morale as a multidimensional construct of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, leadership support, recognition and rewards, work environment and career development. Quantitative cross-sectional research design was followed and 300 employees working in the selected hospitals (Ernakulam, Thrissur and Thiruvananthapuram district) in the healthcare profession were sampled to gather primary data. A five-point Likert scale structured questionnaire was used and the results analysed through descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results have shown that the moderate level of morale and retention intention was reported by employees. The results of correlation showed that there were a significant number of positive correlations between all dimensions of morale and employee retention (p < 0.01) with the strongest associations between organizational commitment (r = .72), work environment (r = .70), and job satisfaction (r =.68). The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that, employee morale is a significant predictor of retention with R2 = 0.66. The strongest predictor was the organizational commitment (? = 0.31), then the job satisfaction (? = 0.28), and the work environment (? = 0.27), and the leadership support, recognition and rewards and career development were also statistically significant and had positive effects (p < 0.05). The findings substantiate the fact that psychological attachment, supportive management practices, and positive working conditions are essential predictors of retention in the workforce of the private hospitals. The researchers find that employee morale is a strategic necessity to increase workforce stability, turnover intention, and quality healthcare provision in the business of the Kerala healthcare sector.

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Employee Morale; Employee Retention; Job Satisfaction; Organizational Commitment; Leadership Support; Private Hospitals; Kerala Healthcare Sector

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R.K. Narayan is one of the foremost writers of Indian English literature, celebrated for his realistic portrayal of Indian society and its cultural diversity. His novels provide a vivid picture of the socio-cultural realities of India during the colonial and postcolonial periods, reflecting the changing patterns of education, family life, religion, tradition, modernization, and individual identity. Through the fictional town of Malgudi, Narayan presents the everyday experiences of ordinary people while capturing the gradual transformation of Indian society. His works reveal the interaction between traditional values and modern influences, illustrating how individuals negotiate social change in different historical contexts. This article examines the socio-cultural realities represented in Narayan's selected novels, Swami and Friends (1935) and The Guide (1958). Using a qualitative and comparative approach, the study analyses the portrayal of colonial education, family relationships, cultural traditions, gender roles, morality, religion, and modernization. It explores how Swami and Friends reflects the social atmosphere of colonial India, particularly the influence of British education and traditional family values, while The Guide portrays the complexities of postcolonial India through themes of social mobility, individual freedom, women's empowerment, and moral transformation. The study argues that Narayan presents socio-cultural change as a gradual and continuous process rather than a sudden break from tradition. His characters adapt to new social realities while maintaining strong connections with their cultural heritage. Through realism, humour, and psychological insight, Narayan portrays both the challenges and opportunities created by social transformation. The article concludes that Narayan's selected works are valuable literary documents that record India's transition from colonial rule to an independent modern nation. His fiction continues to offer significant insights into the relationship between literature, society, and cultural change, making it an important contribution to Indian English literary studies.

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R.K. Narayan, Socio-Cultural Realities, Colonial India, Postcolonial India, Swami and Friends, The Guide, Social Change, Indian English Literature

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The process of getting criminal justice in India, starts with the process of filing an FIR, an important procedural step under criminal law, traditionally posed as a practical barrier for the victims. The shift from a regular FIR to Zero FIR and E-FIR, shows that a victim-centric approach has been taken up, so as to ensure easy access of criminal justice in modern India. The concept of Zero FIR, was so introduced in this nation, when it felt that an FIR must be filed irrespective of the territorial jurisdiction, most importantly in cases of sexual offences, interstate crimes and situations demanding immediate action by the administrative authorities. Whereas, the concept of E-FIR ensured that the process of demanding justice, not only starts from the court itself, but also by allowing complaints to be lodged online. This type of Fir addresses challenges like fear to approach the police station, time constraints etc. Together, Zero FIR and E-FIR signify a move towards easy justice acquiring process, and technical integration in criminal field, thereby ensuring transparency and accountability in criminal law enforcement.

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Keywords: Criminal Justice, Zero FIR, E-FIR, Transparency, Accountability, Interstate Crimes.

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There was no centralized planning for the rapid acceleration of digital transformation across banking and educational infrastructures. The increasing severity of cybercrime revenue presents new engineering challenges. We suggest a framework based on the use of measurement learning in controlled cyber range settings to create baseline normality patterns allowing for proactive detection. We combine network- and host-based measurements in a SOC context. For our modelling, we used an ensemble multi-classifier (Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting). This interaction will tackle the sluggish response of existing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) solutions in cloud data analysis by concentrating high innovate edge computing in embodied agent level upon willingness to utilize joker function. When examined experimentally, the system performs well at recognizing IOCs such as unauthorized authentication attempts and malicious pivoting commands. Let us see the implementation which uses ELK-Stack for centralized logs collection, organisation. Because the underlying dataset is granular with source strings and geographic coordinates, our framework excels at a high accuracy.

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Cyber Range; Machine Learning; Network Intrusion Detection; SOC; Measurement Learning, ELK-Stack.

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The mechanism of action of highly diluted homoeopathic medicines has remained a subject of scientific debate, primarily due to the apparent absence of material molecules in ultra-high potencies. Recent advances in nanoscience have introduced new theoretical and experimental perspectives that may help explain certain physicochemical properties of homoeopathic preparations. Evidence from material science studies suggests that processes such as trituration and succussion can lead to the formation of source-derived nanoparticles and nanostructures, potentially influencing biological systems at extremely low concentrations. This review critically examines existing literature on nanotechnology in relation to homoeopathic pharmacy, including experimental findings, theoretical models, analytical techniques employed, and methodological limitations. The article further explores the potential implications of nanotechnology for drug standardization, quality control, and research development in homoeopathic pharmacy. While emerging evidence is promising, the review emphasizes the need for reproducible, interdisciplinary, and methodologically rigorous studies to establish scientific credibility.

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Homeopathy, Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Nanotechnology, Ultra-high Dilution, Potentisation, Drug Standardization, Nanomedicine, Silica Nanostructures.

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Water as a vital natural resource is intrinsically linked to life, livelihoods, human well-being, and ecological sustainability. Over time, popular struggles and rights-based movements have contributed significantly to recognizing water as essential to the rights to life, health, and livelihood. Water sustains human existence through domestic consumption, agriculture, industry, and ecosystem services. However, the unequal distribution and utilization of water resources, particularly between agriculture and industry or between upstream and downstream riparian states often generate interstate tensions and conflicts. The Mahanadi water conflict represents one such significant interstate conflict in contemporary India. The water dispute primarily emerged due to the construction of barrages and water-diversion projects by the upstream (Chhattisgarh) in the upper catchment area of the river, which raised concerns in the downstream by Odisha over declining water flow, ecological imbalance, and threats to agriculture and livelihoods. Consequently, the issue evolved beyond a resource-sharing disagreement into a politically sensitive interstate dispute involving competing developmental priorities, regional interests, and questions of water justice. The riparian states assert their respective water rights from the perspectives of basic human needs, ecological sustainability, livelihood protection, and socio-cultural dependence on the river. In this context, the conflict reflects broader debates surrounding the concepts of "right," "need," and "want" in relation to natural resource governance and water allocation. These concepts are central to understanding the socio-economic and political implications of water distribution and the competing claims over river resources. This paper examines the complex nature of the ongoing Mahanadi water conflict through the lens of political ecology and water rights discourse. It analyses the theoretical foundations of the conflict and explores how developmental aspirations, ecological concerns, and interstate politics shape the discourse on water governance. The study also highlights the significant roles of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), environmental groups, and local communities in advocating for equitable water rights and sustainable river management. Furthermore, the paper identifies the major challenges in resolving the conflict and proposes measures to promote cooperative federalism, sustainable water governance, and equitable sharing of river resources.

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Mahanadi River, Water Rights, Lifeline, Livelihood, Litigation, Environmental Governance, Political Ecology

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This paper explores Parampara (tradition) and Navnirmiti (new creation) within Indian classical performing arts. The paper traces their unique paths, their points of difference, and their points of intersection. The paper studies the role of abstraction, hypothesis and metaphor in the way tradition holds its integrity while it fosters creativity. It also looks at how these ideas shape artistic expression and innovation within an established framework. The study evaluates the independence and interdependence of Parampara and Navnirmiti. This evaluation builds an understanding of their dynamics within Indian classical dance forms. The paper studies how classical Indian dance forms evolve and adapt for present-day audiences. Central to the paper is the balance between tradition and creativity. The paper gives attention to the role of the performer (Kalaakaar) and the spectator (Rasika) within this balance. The paper also studies the gap that stands between the dancer and the spectator. This gap comes from factors within both Parampara and Navnirmiti. By this study, the paper builds insight into the relationship between Parampara and Navnirmiti. This insight opens a view of their role in artistic expression and audience engagement. It also helps in exploring the aesthetic and cultural depth of Indian classical dance.

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Parampara, Navnirmiti, abstraction, hypothesis, metaphoric usage, narratives, symbiosis, independence, interdependence, cultural significance, audience engagement

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