Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

This paper examines reasons behind the failure of justice and police sector reform in Afghanistan in the decade of 2001-2021 which did not manage to set up strong independent judiciary and law enforcement systems. The findings show that from the outset donor countries allocated resources to the military sector to the detriment of the justice and police sectors, resulting in chronic underfunding, weak infrastructure and untrained personnel. With rising insecurity, the police became more and more militarized, pulling them away from their core mandate of policing. Reforms to professionalize the force post-2013 were undercut by declining aid and deteriorating security. Continued corruption, a lack of coordination between donors, the capture of justice institutions by warlords and poor coordination between agencies further undermined public confidence and pushed Afghans into traditional dispute resolution mechanisms and, in contested areas, Taliban shadow courts.

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 Keywords

Afghanistan, justice sector reform, rule of law, corruption, Taliban shadow courts.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the current digital era, the grocery business has transformed significantly due to the growth and increased popularity of online grocery purchases. The market for online groceries has grown significantly in recent years due to the rapid shifting of consumer habits and a growing need for convenience while shopping. The grocery retail industry has seen tremendous change due to the growth of digital platforms, especially after COVID, and the customers now frequently choose to purchase groceries online. This study emphasizes advertising expenditures as the variable that is independent and the total earnings, revenue, and total expenses as the dependent variables. This study examines how digital marketing affects the financial success of a few chosen online grocery platforms. The study examines data from three well-known e-grocery platforms--Big Basket, Blinkit, and Swiggy Instamart -- over a six-year span from 2018 to 2023 using a one-way ANOVA approach including introductory approach towards post - hoc analysis. These platforms were chosen using a purposive sampling technique in the light of their market dominance and dependence on digital marketing tactics. According to the results, there is a statistically significant connection between expenditures on advertising and financial results, with changes in advertising expenditures resulting in appreciable fluctuations in overall revenue, sales, and expenses. The findings emphasize, how important digital marketing expenditures are to e-commerce platforms' financial performance and the necessity of smart budget allocation to optimize the profits. This study adds to the expanding compilation of research on the efficacy of marketing through digital channels in the field of online retail industry.

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 Keywords

Advertising Expenses, Digital Marketing, Financial Indicators, Financial Metrics, E-grocery Platforms

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Now a days mental health disorders are a major problem. Anxiety, depression, bipolar illness, long-term stress, and various personality disorders are common conditions. Due to non availability and less access to physicians and other medical specialists, many issues go undetected. This method automatically determines whether a person is suffering from mental health issue is proposed in this research. To examine what people write and attempt to comprehend their behaviour, we employ a technique known as Support Vector Machines. The technique known as Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency to quantify what people write. I also employ a list of words that are related to emotions to obtain a better grasp of what individuals are writing. I used a corpus of texts from people to test our system. 52,680 writings were present. Iam able to identify the type of behaviour they represented because they were all labelled and attempted numerous approaches of training our system to acquire the best results. The suggested approach performed well in classification across all behaviour categories. Compared to the systems used in this purpose, this is superior. Addition to that this tool that can be used to assess individuals mental health issues instantly. Support Vector Machines is one tool for this and the outcome is satisfactory. The persons who are suffering from mental health issues will be benefitted from this system.

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 Keywords

Psychological Behaviour Classification, Support Vector Machine, TF-IDF, NRC Emotion Lexicon, Hybrid Feature Fusion, Mental Health NLP, Multi-Class Classification, Affective Computing.

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Abstract: Introduction: Persons with Lower Limb Cellulitis and chronic oedema experience a broad range of physical impairments such as heaviness of the limb, weakness and pain, in addition to difficulties with walking standing and bending. It has affected their social functioning and their ability to participate in recreational activities. Prolonged oedema has significant emotional, social and personal consequences for persons' quality of Living. Multiple recurrence occurrences reduce an individual's wellbeing, which can have a negative wallop on the disease's progression. Present study assessed the quality of life of individuals with recurrent Lower limb cellulitis. Methodology: A qualitative study employing an explanatory sequential design was conducted among 10 patients with recurrent lower limb cellulitis using criterion sampling. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted using an interview guide developed from a 10-item quality-of-life questionnaire. The interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis, from which key themes and subthemes emerged from the participants' narratives. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Result: The thematic analysis demonstrates that recurrent lower limb cellulitis adversely affects all major domains of quality of life--physical, functional, social, and psychological. Pain, impaired physical functioning, self-care limitations, reduced social participation, and emotional distress were consistently identified as the predominant experiences of the participants. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of understanding patients' lived experiences to deliver holistic nursing care. Findings underline the need for future research to tailor health education, emotional support, and collaborative community engagement Key words: Recurrent Cellulitis, Quality of Life, Lower Limb,

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Key words: Recurrent Cellulitis, Quality of Life, Lower Limb,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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CNS

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The study presents a conceptual analysis of the significance of Massive Open Online Courses in promoting the goals of the National Education Policy of 2020 (NEP 2020) in India. These goals include equitable access, flexibility, multidisciplinary education, skills, and lifelong education, all of which align well with MOOCs and India's national MOOC portal, SWAYAM. The paper analyses the use of MOOCs to increase access to higher education by reducing geographic, social, and economic barriers for students, as well as allowing them to choose different courses and obtain credits flexibly. The paper also discusses the role of MOOCs in the academic bank of credits, teacher training, and teachers' continuous professional development. In addition to the above factors, the paper highlights implementation issues, including the digital divide, learner motivation, assessment issues, course quality, and a lack of awareness among stakeholders. Based on the literature review conducted in this paper, recommendations have been put forward to support the successful implementation of MOOCs, including strengthening digital infrastructure, capacity building for teachers, course design, and credit recognition mechanisms for learners from underprivileged backgrounds.

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Massive Open Online Courses, NEP 2020, SWAYAM, Digital Education, Lifelong Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The quick adoption of digital tools in classrooms has sparked a lot of curiosity in how technology is changing education. This study looks at how technology might improve teaching and learning results in secondary schools in Cuttack, Odisha. Twenty secondary school teachers and sixty students from public and private institutions were given structured survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as part of a qualitative study design. To find trends in technology use, student involvement, perceived academic performance, access and equity, and integration hurdles, data were thematically analysed. Results show that interactive digital tools and multimedia significantly improve student engagement and facilitate differentiated, self-paced learning, especially in science and math. However, ongoing obstacles that disproportionately harmed pupils attending government schools were infrastructure limitations, unequal access to devices and connectivity, inadequate teacher preparation, and student distraction. The study comes to the conclusion that technology works best when used in conjunction with traditional teaching rather than in its place and that its advantages depend on sufficient infrastructure, ongoing professional development for teachers, and support from equity-focused legislation. Future research directions and implications for educators, curriculum designers, and legislators are considered.

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educational technology; teaching-learning outcomes; digital divide; secondary education; technology integration

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid growth of e-commerce has transformed consumer buying behaviour in the online textile retail sector. This study examines the impact of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) on consumers' purchasing behaviour in online textile retail. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 105 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using percentage analysis, mean score analysis, Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. The findings reveal that social media influence (Mean = 3.63), promotional discounts (Mean = 3.38), and trending fashion campaigns (Mean = 3.29) significantly contribute to FOMO, thereby influencing purchase intention and impulsive buying behaviour. The study further reports a positive correlation (r = 0.68) between FOMO and online buying behaviour, while regression analysis (? = 0.72) confirms that FOMO significantly predicts purchase behaviour. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.925) indicates excellent internal consistency. The findings provide useful implications for online retailers and contribute to the growing literature on digital consumer behaviour in the Indian textile retail sector.

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Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), Online Textile Retail, Consumer Buying Behaviour, Impulse Buying, Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, E-commerce

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The present study was carried out to formulate and evaluate a herbal mouthwash using natural ingredients for maintaining oral hygiene and preventing oral infections. Oral hygiene plays an important role in maintaining overall health, and poor oral care may lead to plaque formation, bad breath, gum inflammation, dental caries, and periodontal diseases. Conventional mouthwashes generally contain alcohol and synthetic chemicals, which may cause side effects such as burning sensation, dry mouth, tooth staining, and mucosal irritation after prolonged use. Therefore, there is a growing demand for safer and natural alternatives in oral care products.

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Herbal Mouthwash, Oral Hygiene, Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Cinnamon Oil, Peppermint Oil, Antimicrobial Activity

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This paper explores the fragmented self of Clarissa Dalloway in Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway from a psychological perspective. Clarissa appears confident and socially successful, yet her inner thoughts reveal loneliness, doubt, and emotional conflict. The study examines how her memories, personal choices, and social responsibilities influence the way she understands herself. Woolf's stream-of-consciousness style allows readers to follow Clarissa's thoughts as they move between the present and the past, showing that identity is shaped by both experience and memory. The paper also considers how the expectations placed on women affect Clarissa's sense of self and create a gap between her public image and private feelings. Rather than presenting her as a weak or troubled character, Woolf portrays Clarissa as someone trying to find meaning in everyday life while carrying the weight of her past. The study shows that her divided sense of self reflects the emotional struggles of modern human life.

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Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, Clarissa Dalloway, Fragmented Self, Psychology, Identity, Memory, Modernism, Selfhood

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition