Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

The rapid growth of social media platforms has significantly increased the spread of misinformation and fake news, posing serious threats to society, politics, healthcare, and financial systems. Traditional fact-checking approaches are insufficient to handle the large-scale dissemination of deceptive information. Consequently, researchers have adopted Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automatically detect fake news. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of existing approaches in fake news detection, focusing on classical machine learning models and advanced transformer-based architectures such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). We systematically discuss the literature, datasets, dataset creation and collection, feature engineering methods, model architectures, evaluation metrics, accuracy evaluation, challenges, and future research directions. A dedicated comparative study of three widely used classical classifiers -- Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression, and Random Forest -- is also presented to identify the best-performing classical model. The review consolidates findings from over 20 peer-reviewed publications (2017-2025) and highlights the superiority of contextualized language models like BERT in capturing semantic nuances, while addressing computational complexity, explainability, and ethical challenges in automated misinformation detection systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Fake News Detection, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, BERT, Deep Learning, Transformers, Misinformation Detection, Text Classification, TF-IDF, SVM, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, RoBERTa, ALBERT, Explainable AI, Social Media.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Sorbitol, Ultrasonic velocity, Adiabatic compressibility, Hydroalcoholic solutions, Viscosity, Density, Solute-solvent interactions, Temperature dependence, Sugar alcohols, Acoustic diagnostics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

full adder, low-power VLSI, static CMOS, 90-nm technology, transistor sizing, Cadence Virtuoso, propagation delay, power-delay product.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Low-Power CMOS Comparator, Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), Dynamic Comparator, Regenerative Latch, Cadence Virtuoso.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines the Dadgari weekly market in Hatisar village, located in Assam's Chirang district, as a site of informal cross-border governance along the Indo-Bhutan border. Drawing on fieldwork, vendor and consumer interviews, and market-committee records, the study describes the market's spatial organization, its community of buyers and sellers, and the largely self-regulating system that sustains it. It analyzes the market's economic significance for local Bodo, Rajbongshi, Nepali, and Adivasi communities, as well as for Bhutanese consumers from the southern foothills who make up most of its customers. The study highlights the market's near-total dependence on this Bhutanese customer base and it's distinctive dual-currency operation where both Indian rupees and Bhutanese ngultrum are accepted in daily transactions.This article argues that Dadgari functions as a form of unofficial, community-managed cross-border governance operating largely outside formal state structures, yet remains vulnerable to disruptions originating in national-level political and economic events on either side of the border. The article concludes with recommendations for infrastructural and institutional support for the same.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Dadgari, Border market, Indo-Bhutan trade, informal economy, dual-currency

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) plays a vital role in modern digital systems due to its fast data access and compatibility with high-performance processors. However, continuous CMOS technology scaling has increased leakage current and standby power consumption, limiting its suitability for low-power applications. This work proposes a SAPON-based 4T2M SRAM architecture that integrates four CMOS transistors with two memristors to improve energy efficiency while maintaining reliable memory functionality. The memristors provide non-volatile data storage, and the SAPON leakage reduction technique minimizes standby leakage current without affecting normal read and write operations. The proposed design is implemented and evaluated using the Cadence Virtuoso design environment with Spectre simulation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SRAM cell reduces power consumption from 404 nW to 379 nW compared with a conventional 6T SRAM cell. Although the propagation delay increases from 10.06 ns to 15.13 ns, the architecture maintains correct functionality and offers improved energy efficiency, making it suitable for IoT devices, embedded systems, and other low-power VLSI applications

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: SRAM, 4T2M SRAM, Memristor, SAPON Technique, Leakage Power Reduction, Low-Power VLSI, Cadence Virtuoso, Spectre Simulation, IoT Applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

राव शेखा व उनके वंशजों की भूमि शेखावाटी, ऐतिहासिक और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टि से न केवल राजस्थान प्रदेश में ही अपितु भारत और विश्व में भी अपना विशिष्ट महत्व रखती है। यह क्षेत्र शौर्य और बलिदानों की गौरव गाथा सुनाते गढ़-महल, त्याग और बलिदान की प्रतीक छतरियाँ, जल स्रोतों के प्रतीक कुएं, बावड़ी, तालाब, सेठ साहूकारों के वैभव को प्रदर्शित करती भव्य एवं विशाल हवेलियों और भित्ति चित्रकला के साथ-साथ अपनी गहरी धार्मिक जड़ों के लिए भी जाना जाता है। भौतिक पीड़ा से मानव जब उद्विग्न होता है तो वह अपने मानसिक शांति के लिए इन्हीं देवताओं की शरण में जाकर आत्म निवेदन करता है, मंदिर एवं देवालय उसकी श्रद्धा के प्रतीक हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र राजस्थान के सीकर जिले की आध्यात्मिक और सांस्कृतिक विरासत पर केंद्रित है। इस अध्ययन में शाकंभरी, खाटूश्यामजी, जीण माता और हर्षनाथ जैसे प्रमुख मंदिरों के ऐतिहासिक महत्व, स्थापत्य कला और पर्यटन की संभावनाओं का विश्लेषण किया गया है। शोध का निष्कर्ष यह दर्शाता है कि धार्मिक सांस्कृतिक स्थलों का पर्यटन न केवल स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था को बल देता है, बल्कि सांस्कृतिक संरक्षण में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

शेखावाटी, सीकर, आध्यात्मिक विरासत, पर्यटन, स्थापत्य कला।

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Investors and traders consistently explore innovative methods to achieve success in stock market trading. Leveraging technical analysis tools, particularly for Nifty, is crucial in anticipating market trends and price fluctuations. A combination of leading and lagging indicators provides valuable insights, aiding decision-making in trading and investments. This study focuses on prominent technical indicators such as machine learning moving average, the SuperTrend, and the Relative Strength Index (RSI), analyzing their parameters and evaluating their potential to create reliable and profitable trading strategies for Nifty.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning,SuperTrend,Relative Strength Index (RSI),Moving Average using Machine Learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

वैदिक ज्योतिष शास्त्र में समय की गति और मानव जीवन के कर्मफल का सटीक आकलन करने के लिए अनेक दशा प्रणालियों का अवधान किया गया है। इन प्रणालियों में 'योगिनी दशा' अपने त्रिआयामी तांत्रिक आधार, चक्रीय सममिति और सूक्ष्म फलादेश क्षमता के कारण अत्यंत अनूठी और प्रभावी मानी जाती है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में योगिनी दशा की पौराणिक एवं दार्शनिक पृष्ठभूमि, रुद्रयामल तंत्र में वर्णित इसके रहस्य, और इसकी गणितीय संरचना का सांगोपांग विवेचन प्रस्तुत किया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त, इस शोध पत्र में मुख्यधारा की दशा प्रणालियों- विंशोत्तरी, अष्टोत्तरी और जैमिनी चर दशा-के साथ योगिनी दशा का एक गहन तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण किया गया है। यह अध्ययन सिद्ध करता है कि गतिशीलता और त्वरित फल प्रकटीकरण के दृष्टिकोण से वर्तमान कलियुग में योगिनी दशा की प्रासंगिकता और अचूकता सर्वोपरि है।

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

योगिनी दशा, वैदिक ज्योतिष, विंशोत्तरी दशा, अष्ट योगिनी

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Financial inclusion serves as a critical policy priority for developing economies undergoes rapid digital shifts. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) introduced the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in 2016, modernizing the digital payment space by offering secure, immediate, and interoperable transaction models that bridge gaps to formal financial networks. Objectives: The study evaluates the growth patterns and trajectory of UPI transactions alongside advancements in Indian financial inclusion from 2016 to 2025. It aims to empirically determine the relationship between UPI transaction surges and established macroeconomic financial inclusion metrics. Methodology: Utilizing secondary data derived from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), NPCI, TRAI, MoSPI, and the Department of Financial Services, the research reviews the financial years 2016-17 through 2025-26. The structural analysis utilizes descriptive statistics, annual growth rates, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), trend evaluation, Pearson correlation matrices, and multiple linear regression models. Findings: The findings highlight an exponential rise in both the volume and value of UPI transactions alongside steady gains in broader banking metrics, such as the RBI Financial Inclusion Index and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) account volumes. Statistical evaluations confirm a strong positive correlation and a significant regression relationship between UPI expansion and improved formal financial access. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that UPI operates as a pivotal digital financial innovation in India, fundamentally reducing cash reliance and accelerating inclusive economic development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Unified Payments Interface, Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, RBI Financial Inclusion Index, PMJDY, Digital Economy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition