Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

Municipal solid waste management has become one of the most pressing infrastructural challenges of rapid urbanisation, and the last decade has produced a large and fragmented body of research on Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart bins and collection networks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of IoT-based smart waste management research published between 2014 and 2026, synthesising findings from thirty-four primary technical sources spanning sensing hardware, automated segregation, wireless notification, collection-route optimisation, and system security. A five-branch taxonomy is proposed that classifies the surveyed literature by the function each system performs within the sense-segregate-communicate-route-secure pipeline. The review finds that fill-level monitoring through ultrasonic ranging is now a mature, near-universal capability, whereas gas- or odour-based sensing appears in only a small minority of designs, vision-based segregation remains largely confined to laboratory-scale datasets, and long-range low-power communication technologies such as LoRaWAN are gaining adoption without yet displacing cellular SMS gateways in cost-sensitive deployments. A comparative feature matrix and a capability-prevalence analysis across the reviewed systems are presented, together with a discussion of recurring barriers: per-unit hardware cost, sensor drift, limited validation beyond bench testing, and the absence of standardised evaluation protocols. The review concludes by identifying multi-modal sensor fusion, edge-deployed adaptive classifiers, and decomposition-aware priority alerting as the directions most likely to shape next-generation smart-bin design.

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 Keywords

Internet of Things, smart waste management, literature review, waste segregation, bin monitoring, gas sensing, route optimisation, smart cities.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The development of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)in India has been an important concern of the government due to their extreme socio-economic vulnerability and isolation. These groups, now officially known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), have historically lived in remote forests, hills, and inaccessible regions with limited contact with mainstream society. As a result, they faced severe challenges such as poverty, low literacy, poor health conditions, malnutrition, and lack of access to basic services. After India's independence in 1947, tribal welfare became a significant part of national development policies. The Government of India began implementing special programmes under the Tribal Sub-Plan to improve the socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Tribes. In 1975, a special category called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) was introduced to identify the most vulnerable tribal communities who required urgent and focused attention. The identification of PTGs was based on specific criteria such as pre-agricultural level of technology, stagnant or declining population, extremely low literacy rates, and subsistence-level economy. Over time, several welfare measures were introduced, including housing support, healthcare services, education programmes, livelihood development, and food security initiatives. In 2006, the term PTG was officially replaced with PVTG to adopt a more respectful and appropriate terminology. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has played a central role in designing and implementing policies for these communities through targeted schemes and development programmes. These initiatives aim not only to improve living standards but also to protect the cultural heritage, traditions, and identity of tribal communities. Although various efforts have been made over the decades, many PVTGs still face significant developmental challenges. Therefore, continuous policy attention, community participation, and sustainable development strategies remain essential for improving their quality of life while preserving their unique cultural identity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

PVTG, Tribal Sub-Plan, cultural heritage, Primitive Tribal Groups, Colonial, Development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, Nurse-led Intervention, ICU, Infection Control, Prevention Protocol

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਾ ਨਾਵਲ ‘ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਪਾਪੀ’ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਸਥਾਨ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਨਾਵਲ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਨਿਮਨ ਮੱਧਵਰਗੀ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਪੱਖੀ ਸਰੂਪ ਨੂੰ ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦੀ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਨਾਵਲ ਵਿਚ ਲੇਖਕ ਨੇ ਆਰਥਿਕ, ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਸਮੱਸਿਆਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਜਾਗਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੌਰ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਵਲਕਾਰ ਹੈ। ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਨਾਵਲ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਿਣਾਤਮਕ ਅਤੇ ਗੁਣਾਤਮਕ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡੀ ਦੇਣ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸੇ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਅਤੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਵੀ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਨਾਵਲਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਜਾਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੇ ਨਾਵਲਕਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਘੇਰੇ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ ਵੀ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਵਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ ਸੱਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ। ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਪਦੇ ਨਾਵਲਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਰ ਧਰਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਵੇਸ਼ ਕਰਵਾਉਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹਿਲ ਕੀਤੀ। ਇਸੇ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਵਲ ਕਿਸੇ ਇਕ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਘੇਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੀਮਤ ਨਾ ਰਹਿ ਕੇ ਹੋਰ ਧਰਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਾਠਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਨਜ਼ਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਆਪਦੀ ਇਕ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਮੱਹਤਤਾ ਰਖਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਵੀ ਇੱਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਕਾਰਣ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਵਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ ਧਰਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਾਠਕਾਂ ਵਲੋਂ ਬੜੀ ਹੀ ਰੋਚੱਕਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਪੜ੍ਹੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੇ ਨਾਵਲ ‘ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਪਾਪੀ’ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ਼ਕ ਨੇ ਗ੍ਰਹਿਸਤ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਣ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਆਰਥਿੱਕ ਸਮੱਸਿਆਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੱਖ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਨਾਵਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੀ ਵਿਗੜੀ ਹੋਈ ਮਾਨਸਿਕ ਸਥਿੱਤੀ, ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ, ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਪਰੰਪਰਾਵਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਰੂੜੀਆਂ ਵਰਗੇ ਹੋਰ ਵੀ ਸਮਾਜ ਸੁਧਾਰਕ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਉਜਾਗਰ ਕੀਤੇ ਹਨ।

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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 Keywords

ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ, ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ, ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਪਾਪੀ, ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਯਥਾਰਥ, ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ।

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 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Evidence-based practice, labor pain, educational intervention, staff nurses, maternal health, obstetric nursing.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Knowing a patient's blood group quickly matters in diagnosis, transfusion, and emergency care, yet standard typing still depends on drawing blood and running it through a lab. This paper looks at whether a fingerprint alone can get us there instead. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained on labeled fingerprint images, learning how ridge features such as loops, whorls, and arches relate to ABO and Rh blood group classes; the resulting model is deployed behind a Flask web interface, which takes an uploaded fingerprint and returns a predicted blood group with a confidence score. The system architecture, dataset requirements, and implementation pipeline are laid out, and four architectures--CNN, VGG, ResNet, and AlexNet--are compared on the same task. The best of these reached 0.76 classification accuracy, which shows that fingerprint-blood group correlations are real at a statistical level but not yet reliable enough to stand alone. The paper closes by discussing where the approach falls short and what would need to change for it to become clinically useful.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Blood group detection, fingerprint recognition, deep learning, convolutional neural network, biometrics, non-invasive diagnostics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Respectful Maternity Care, Staff Nurses, Educational Intervention, Knowledge, Practice, Maternal Health, Woman-Centered Care.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Performance appraisal systems have emerged as a strategic human resource management practice that enables organizations to evaluate employee performance, recognize individual contributions, identify developmental needs, and align employee performance with organizational objectives. In the dynamic and highly competitive Indian banking sector, an effective performance appraisal system is essential for enhancing employee productivity, motivation, job satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the performance appraisal system and examine its influence on employee performance at ICICI Bank, one of India's leading private sector banks. The study specifically investigates employees' perceptions regarding the fairness, transparency, accuracy, feedback quality, and developmental orientation of the existing performance appraisal system and assesses their impact on employee performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Performance Appraisal System, Employee Performance, Performance Management, Human Resource Management, Employee Development, Employee Motivation, Organizational Effectiveness, Banking Sector, ICICI Bank, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Virtual Touch System is a touchless human-computer interaction solution that allows users to control digital interfaces using hand gestures and voice commands. This system is developed using Python, integrating MediaPipe for hand tracking, OpenCV for image processing, and NLP for voice recognition. The system detects finger positions and interprets them as touch events, simulating real-time interaction without physical contact. It provides a hygienic, efficient, and low-cost alternative to traditional touch-based systems. Unlike traditional input devices, the proposed system provides a natural and intuitive interface by interpreting human gestures in real time. The integration of rule-based gesture mapping ensures fast response and low computational complexity, making the system suitable for deployment on standard computing devices without requiring specialized hardware. Additionally, the system addresses critical challenges such as hygiene and accessibility by offering a completely contactless interaction mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves high accuracy under controlled lighting conditions, with minimal latency, making it practical for real-world use. The proposed solution can be effectively used in public interaction systems, healthcare environments, smart homes, and assistive technologies. Furthermore, this work lays a foundation for future enhancements using artificial intelligence, deep learning, and augmented reality to improve gesture recognition and expand functionality.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Virtual Touch, MediaPipe, OpenCV, Gesture Recognition, Human-Computer Interaction, Touchless Interface, Computer Vision

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

AIoT, Precision Agriculture, Multi-Sensor Data Fusion, Predictive Analytics, Smart Irrigation, LSTM, XGBoost, Machine Learning, IoT, Cloud Deployment, SHAP Explainability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition