Volume 14 | Issue 7 |

 Abstract

-- This paper presents an extensive, rigorous critical synthesis of Indian Writing in English (IWE), charting its socio-historical trajectory from an instrument of imperial hegemony during British colonial rule to a vibrant, multi-layered body of contemporary global literature. By critically analyzing foundational scholarship, historical socio-political movements, and literary milestones, this paper explores the dynamic process of linguistic appropriation whereby Indian authors subverted the colonizer's medium into an authentic vehicle for indigenous self-expression and cultural assertion. The analysis evaluates the foundational legacy of the 'big three' (R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao), the linguistic revolution spearheaded by Salman Rushdie, and the contemporary thematic expansions into gender, caste, diaspora, and transnational identity represented by writers such as Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri, Vikram Seth, and Amitav Ghosh. Furthermore, this paper critically examines the enduring ideological tension between IWE and regional vernacular (bhasha) literatures, focusing on debates surrounding elite gatekeeping, linguistic authenticity, and the transformative power of modern translation practices. Ultimate emphasis is placed on IWE's role as a vital instrument of cultural dialogue and cross-cultural mediation in an increasingly interconnected global literary framework, shedding light on the historical shifts and stylistic innovations that define modern postcolonial scholarship.

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Bhasha Literature, Cultural Hybridity, Diasporic Identity, Indian Writing in English, Linguistic Appropriation, Post-colonialism, Subversion, Translation Studies.

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This article also focuses on the attitude of student teachers towards the two-year B.Ed. course. Student teachers' attitude towards their profession has been an important area of research since the beginning. The importance of teachers as the architect of our future generation demands that only the best and capable members of our intelligence should be allowed to qualify for this noble profession. Teaching is a noble profession and teachers are the god of any educational system. The education course should make the student teachers realize the dignity of the teaching profession so that they can serve the society with greater responsibility towards the right change in the society. The objective of the study was to find out the locus and type of family-wise analysis of attitude towards the two-year B.Ed. course. The survey method was used for the investigation. 60 student teachers from Haveri district of Karnataka state were used as the sample for the study. The scale of attitude towards the two-year B.Ed. course developed and validated by V. Rajeshwari and P. Shanmugavadivu (2015) was adopted.

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Attitude, Two Year B.Ed. course, Student Teachers.

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In today's digital world , where screens are inevitable part of lifestyle, eye-related problems are rapidely increasing. Many Retinal diseases like Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV), Age-related Macular degeneration (AMD) , Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) , Macular Hole (MH) and drusen, are the major causes of permanent vision loss worldwide. To prevent the further vision loss, timely and precise diagnosis is very important. For that,a standard, noninvasive imaging technique like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are popular nowadays which provides cross-sectional images of the retina in high-resolution, enabling detailed morphological assessment. Just Because, the manual understanding of huge number of OCT scans is subjective, time-extensive and requires high expertise, that's why delays in diagnosis and variability in results of diagnosis is common , which create a big problem. To overcome this problem , we present an study on deep learining bases automated diagnostic system for retinal diseases to classify various retinal diseases by using retinal OCT scans. so, We introduced a model based on Convolutional Neural Network to find out the presence of common retinal problems efficiently. This model was trained and validated using a dataset of retinal OCT images named as "OCT-8", which is publicly available on kaggle. This dataset consists retinal OCT images classified into 8 classes named as: AMD, CNV, CSR, DME, DR, DRUSEN, MH and NORMAL. This automated identification system has a great efficieny to work as a decision support tool, make easy to identification task and to provide quick and accurate outputs to help the ophthalmologists.

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Deep Learning, Retinal Disease, Retinal OCT, MobileNet, CNN,

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 Abstract

Samajik evam Rajnitik Jeevan mein Dharma ka Swaroop evam Samiksha

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Samajik evam Rajnitik Jeevan mein Dharma ka Swaroop evam Samiksha

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BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted and repetitive activities and interests. Symptoms usually manifest before the age of 5 years. Many mainstream interventions for autism focus on symptom management rather than holistic improvement. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of homoeopathic interventions in treatment of ASD to improve the quality of life of children is limited. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic medicine in autism spectrum disorder to assess the improvement in the quality of life. METHODS: This clinical trial enabled us to determine the extent of improvement in a child after receiving homoeopathic treatment. Here we compare each child's baseline and posttreatment status. We focus on children with autism aged 3 to 12 years. The subjects are taken into study for a period of 1.5 years, and followed up for a 6-month period. The scales used are INCLEN (International Clinical Epidemiology Network) tool to confirm their diagnosis and ADL (Activities of Daily life) scale to measure how much their daily life and independence have improved. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that homoeopathic intervention may improve the quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder. Unlike previous research that limited its scope to symptom management, this approach proves that individualized homoeopathic medicines, which are carefully selected based on a child's unique characteristics can achieve a holistic transformation. When integrated with appropriate therapies, homoeopathy empowers children to master essential daily activities.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder, Individualized Homoeopathy, Clinical Trial, INCLEN, ADL

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Artificial Intelligence has made it easier for computers to understand images in real-world applications. In this project, a system is developed to identify bird species from images using Machine Learning along with Generative AI. The system allows users to upload a bird image and receive both the predicted species and a simple explanation. The model is built using a CNN based on MobileNetV2 with transfer learning. It is trained on a dataset of 525 bird species and around 85,000 images. The model learns visual features such as color patterns, feather structure, and shape to identify different birds. After prediction, a Generative AI component provides a short description of the bird, including its appearance and habitat. A web application using Flask is developed to make the system easy to use. This system can be useful for wildlife monitoring, education, and biodiversity studies. Overall, the project shows how Machine Learning and Generative AI can work together to create a useful and user-friendly application.

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Machine Learning, Bird Species Identification, Deep Learning, CNN, Generative AI, MobileNetV2, Image Classification, Flask.

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Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, commonly known as Inkberry or Jal Jamni, is a fast-growing, perennial climber belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, this plant holds significant ethnomedicinal importance in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and folk medicine. Various parts of the plant-including leaves, stems, and roots-are used for treating fever, skin infections, diabetes, liver disorders, inflammation, and reproductive ailments. Botanically, the plant is characterized by hairy stems and ovate-cordate leaves with dense trichomes. Its diagnostic features, such as unisexual flowers and curved reniform seeds, assist in its correct identification. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds These metabolites exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This review comprehensively covers the plant's taxonomy, morphology, traditional uses, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological properties, supported by recent scientific findings.

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Cocculus hirsutus, menispermaceae, ethnomedicine, phytochemicals, pharmacological activity

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Kokborok theatre represents a significant Indigenous theatrical tradition that has played a crucial role in preserving the language, culture, history and collective identity of the Tripuri communities in Tripura. This study examines the historical evolution of Kokborok theatre, tracing its development from Indigenous oral traditions, ritual performances, folk narratives, songs and communal festivals to the emergence of modern scripted theatre during the latter half of the twentieth century. Employing a qualitative research design based on historical-analytical and descriptive-interpretative methods, the study draws upon published books, journal articles, archival documents, theatre literature and institutional publications to investigate the socio-cultural and historical forces that shaped the growth of Kokborok theatre. The research demonstrates that while Bengali theatre introduced modern dramaturgical techniques, Kokborok theatre gradually established an independent identity by integrating Indigenous storytelling, music, dance, rituals, myths and performance aesthetics into contemporary theatrical practice. The study further explores the dramatic text Bengswnal, highlighting Rampadha's vision for an ideal society founded on education, cultural preservation, social justice, unity, and self-reliance, alongside Rampodh's exemplary leadership qualities that emphasize ethical governance, collective responsibility, and Indigenous empowerment. These character representations illustrate how Kokborok theatre functions not merely as a form of artistic expression but also as a medium for cultural resistance, language revitalization, historical consciousness and social transformation. The findings suggest that Kokborok theatre has evolved into a dynamic cultural institution that negotiates the relationship between tradition and modernity while responding to contemporary issues such as identity, migration, environmental sustainability, and globalization. By preserving Indigenous knowledge systems and reinforcing community values, Kokborok theatre continues to contribute significantly to the cultural heritage of Tripura and enriches the broader discourse on Indigenous theatre in India.

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Kokborok Theatre, Indigenous Theatre, Tripura, Cultural Identity, Language Revitalization, Oral Tradition, Bengswnal, Indigenous Performance, Cultural Preservation, Tripuri Communities.

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When Donna Haraway proposed the idea of the 'cyborg' in her Cyborg Manifesto, she highlighted the idea of the dissolution of the boundaries between human and animal, human-animal (organism) and machine and physical and non-physical. Contributing to this, further, theorists like N. Katherine Hayles, Rosi Braidotti, Cary Wolfe and others developed the concept of 'posthumanism', which interrogates what it is to be a human in this posthuman era, entangled with technology, where identity is dynamic and relational rather than fixed. Posthumanism has become a central part of global discussions and debates for a very long time now, yet most of the discussions are rooted in Western viewpoints, having a very limited engagement with the Indian perspective. This paper analyses two novels from Indian speculative fiction, "The Devourers" by Indrapramit Das and "The Calcutta Chromosome" by Amitav Ghosh, through the Posthuman lens alongside the Bhagavad Gita's teachings on Karma and Reincarnation to reimagine posthumanism from an Indian philosophical perspective, taking literature deliberately as a space where Indian philosophy and Posthuman thought converge. Drawing from Ferrando's idea of Philosophical Posthumanism and Debashish Banerjee's "Posthumanism and Indian Spirituality" and through close readings of both the selected novels through a posthuman and Gita's karmic-reincarnation framework, this paper uses speculative fiction as a microcosm of a wider scope of discussion involving an Indian philosophical view on posthumanism and literature being a mirror to it. The paper puts Indian philosophical teachings into dialogue with posthumanism through speculative fiction and, at the same time, revives the philosophical teachings of karma and reincarnation from the Bhagavad Gita in accordance with today's evolving world and technological advancements. This paper argues that pre-existing Indian philosophical teachings, particularly karma and reincarnation as per the Bhagavad Gita, can reconfigure identity and ethical responsibility in today's era of Artificial Intelligence.

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Artificial Intelligence, Indian Philosophical Teachings, Karma, Posthumanism, Reincarnation, Reconfigure and Speculative Fiction

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The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into criminal justice systems has transformed conventional approaches to crime prevention, investigation, adjudication, and correctional administration. While these technological advancements promise enhanced efficiency, predictive accuracy, and data-driven decision-making, they have simultaneously generated concerns regarding algorithmic bias, privacy, transparency, and the erosion of human discretion. Parallel to these developments, restorative justice has emerged as a progressive victim-centred philosophy that seeks to repair harm through dialogue, accountability, participation, and community engagement rather than relying exclusively on punitive sanctions. Despite substantial scholarly attention to both artificial intelligence and restorative justice as independent domains, limited research has examined the potential convergence of these two transformative paradigms. This paper undertakes a qualitative doctrinal analysis to explore how artificial intelligence can ethically facilitate restorative justice without compromising its human-centred values. Drawing upon primary legal sources, including Indian criminal legislation, international instruments, judicial precedents, and policy frameworks, together with secondary literature comprising scholarly books, journal articles, governmental reports, and international publications, the study critically evaluates the opportunities and limitations associated with integrating AI into restorative justice mechanisms. The paper analyses AI-enabled case screening, victim support systems, intelligent mediation assistance, multilingual communication technologies, digital documentation, and outcome evaluation within restorative justice programmes. The study argues that artificial intelligence should function as an assistive technology rather than an autonomous decision-maker. While AI possesses considerable potential to enhance victim participation, improve accessibility, facilitate informed decision-making, and strengthen institutional efficiency, its deployment must remain subject to robust ethical safeguards, transparency requirements, human oversight, and legal accountability. The paper concludes by recommending a human-in-the-loop governance framework supported by national ethical standards, legislative reforms, institutional capacity building, and carefully monitored pilot projects to ensure that technological innovation complements rather than undermines restorative justice principles.

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Artificial Intelligence; Restorative Justice; Victim-Centred Justice; Criminal Justice; AI Ethics; Digital Justice.

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