Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This article undertakes a postcolonial reading of Salman Rushdie's Shalimar the Clown (2005), foregrounding its complex engagement with radicalisation, imperial violence, and the fractured identities of the post-9/11 world. While existing criticism often treats the novel as a narrative of terrorism and revenge, this study argues that Rushdie constructs terrorism not as isolated ideological extremism but as a historical and political continuum rooted in colonialism, militarisation, and the global geopolitics of the War on Terror. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Frantz Fanon, Gayatri Spivak, Achille Mbembe, Aamir Mufti, and Ananya Jahanara Kabir, the article demonstrates how the novel makes visible the psychic and material conditions under which violence emerges. The paper proposes that Shalimar the Clown maps radicalisation through three intersecting forces: (1) postcolonial trauma and imperial residue in Kashmir, (2) fractured diasporic and hybrid identities in the era of globalisation, and (3) the necropolitical logics of Western counter terror discourses after 9/11. By integrating postcolonial theory directly into literary interpretation, this article situates Shalimar the Clown as a key text in understanding how personal grief, cultural dislocation, and historical injustice converge into political violence in the twenty-first century.

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 Keywords

Salman Rushdie; Shalimar the Clown; postcolonialism; Kashmir; radicalisation; terrorism; diaspora; identity; necropolitics; 9/11; globalisation; empire.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Structural Equation Modeling; Technology Acceptance; UTAUT2; TPACK-AI; Mixed-Methods Research

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Arthritis is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by joint pain, inflammation, stiffness, and reduced mobility, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients. Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are the most common forms of arthritis requiring long-term pharmacological management. Various classes of drugs such as Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, analgesics, and Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) are widely used in the treatment of arthritis. However, prolonged use of these medications may lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in complications and reduced patient safety.

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Osteoarthritis , Rheumatoid Arthritis, Drug Utilization, Adverse Drug Reactions, NSAIDs, DMARDs

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This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a multipurpose herbal hair oil using natural ingredients known for their hair care benefits. The primary aim is to develop a stable, effective, and consumer-friendly oil that promotes hair growth, prevents dandruff, strengthens hair shafts, and improves overall scalp and hair health. The formulation incorporates coconut oil, almond oil, hibiscus, amla, and brahmi, enhanced with Vitamin E and lavender essential oil. The final product was evaluated for physicochemical properties, stability, organoleptic characteristics. Results indicated a stable and aesthetically acceptable product suitable for topical application, showing promising results in hair nourishment and scalp conditioning.

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Herbal hair oil, amla, hibiscus, brahmi, hair growth, dandruff, natural formulation.

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This study examines the impact of resilience on psychological well-being among undergraduate students. Resilience, defined as the capacity to adapt positively to challenges, has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor in mental health and well-being. Psychological well-being, as conceptualized by Ryff and Keyes, encompasses dimensions such as self-acceptance, personal growth, and life purpose. Despite substantial research in the field, there is a paucity of comparative studies examining how varying levels of resilience influence well-being, particularly in the student population. The research employed a comparative design with 100 undergraduate students from the Marathwada region. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and categorized into high and low resilience groups (n = 50 each) based on scores from the Multidimensional Scale of Resilience (MDRS-H). The RYYF Scale of Psychological Well-Being was used to measure psychological well-being across six dimensions. Socio-economic status was controlled to minimize extraneous influences. The findings underscore the critical role of resilience in fostering psychological well-being. Resilient students are better equipped to navigate stress and adversity, resulting in enhanced mental health and life satisfaction.

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Keywords: Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, Undergraduate Students.

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Medication-related problems (MRPs) are highly prevalent among elderly patients due to polypharmacy, multiple chronic diseases, physiological changes associated with aging, and poor medication adherence. Pharmacist intervention plays a vital role in identifying, preventing, and resolving MRPs, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life in geriatric patients. The present case study was conducted to evaluate the role of pharmacists in reducing medication-related problems in elderly patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. The study included elderly patients aged 60 years and above who were receiving multiple medications for chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, chronic kidney disease, and respiratory illnesses. The pharmacist interventions included medication review, identification of drug interactions, dose adjustments, patient counseling, monitoring adverse drug reactions, improving adherence, and communicating with physicians regarding therapy modifications. Various medication-related problems such as unnecessary drug therapy, inappropriate dosing, duplication of therapy, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and non-compliance were identified. The results demonstrated that pharmacist interventions significantly reduced medicationrelated problems and improved patient understanding, medication adherence, and therapeutic outcomes. The study concluded that clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in geriatric healthcare by optimizing medication therapy and enhancing patient safety. Aging is a natural biological process associated with progressive physiological, psychological, and functional changes that affect overall health and quality of life. The global geriatric population is increasing rapidly due to improved healthcare systems, better disease prevention strategies, and increased life expectancy. Elderly patients are more vulnerable to chronic illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, respiratory disorders, and neurological conditions. Management of these chronic diseases often requires long-term use of multiple medications, commonly known as polypharmacy. Polypharmacy significantly increases the risk of medication-related problems (MRPs), adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug-drug interactions, medication nonadherence, therapeutic duplication, and hospitalization. Medication-related problems are among the major challenges faced in geriatric healthcare and are considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elderly patients experience age-related physiological changes that influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Reduced renal and hepatic function, altered body composition, decreased protein binding, impaired cognition, and poor vision contribute to inappropriate medication use and increased susceptibility to adverse drug events. In addition, elderly patients frequently consult multiple healthcare providers, resulting in complex medication regimens and lack of proper medication monitoring

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Keywords: Elderly patients, Medication-related problems, Pharmacist intervention, Polypharmacy, Adverse drug reactions, Medication adherence.

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Heritage tourism is one of the rapidly growing areas of tourism because it supports cultural preservation, local economic development, and destination sustainability. Amaravati, located on the banks of the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh, India, is an important Buddhist heritage destination with considerable scope for sustainable tourism development. This study examines the linkage between heritage conservation and sustainable tourism development in Amaravati by considering its historical, cultural, religious, architectural, and tourism dimensions. It also discusses the destination's potential for UNESCO World Heritage recognition. The study follows a descriptive and analytical research design and uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 500 tourists and 250 local residents through structured questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. Secondary information was collected from Ministry of Tourism reports, Andhra Pradesh Tourism publications, UNESCO documents, research journals, books, government reports, and other academic sources. The data were analyzed using percentage analysis, mean score analysis, chi-square test, correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test with the support of SPSS software. The findings show that heritage conservation has a significant influence on tourist satisfaction, destination image, and sustainable tourism development. Heritage management, tourism infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and community participation are identified as major factors influencing tourism growth in Amaravati. The study also highlights key issues such as inadequate infrastructure, limited promotion, urbanization pressures, and weak coordination among stakeholders. It concludes that integrated conservation measures, sustainable tourism planning, policy support, and international recognition initiatives are necessary to develop Amaravati as a globally recognized heritage tourism destination. This paper contributes to heritage tourism studies by presenting empirical evidence on the role of heritage conservation in sustainable destination development. It also offers practical recommendations for policymakers, tourism authorities, conservation agencies, and researchers.

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Heritage Conservation; Sustainable Tourism; Amaravati; Buddhist Heritage; Cultural Tourism; UNESCO World Heritage; Tourism Development; Andhra Pradesh

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Maintaining good oral hygiene is important for overall health and well-being. One common oral health concern is halitosis (bad breath), which occurs due to the activity of microorganisms present in the oral cavity. Many commercial mouth fresheners and oral care products are used to reduce bad breath; however, these products often contain synthetic additives that may cause side effects such as dry mouth, irritation of oral tissues, and altered taste sensation when used for prolonged periods. As a result, herbal oral care products have gained popularity because they are considered safer, cost-effective, and derived from natural sources. The present study focused on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal liquid mouth freshener using natural ingredients. The formulation consisted of peppermint oil, clove oil, menthol, cardamom extract, fennel extract, honey, stevia, sodium benzoate, and purified water. The preparation involved the separate mixing of aqueous and oil phases, incorporation of herbal extracts, homogenization, and final packaging. The developed formulation was evaluated for various parameters, including organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, and physical stability. The mouth freshener exhibited a pleasant minty aroma, a sweet and cooling taste, good clarity, and easy dispensing characteristics. The pH of the formulation was found to be 5.89, indicating its suitability for oral use. Additionally, the product showed acceptable viscosity and remained physically stable without any phase separation throughout the study period. These findings suggest that the formulated herbal liquid mouth freshener can effectively support oral hygiene and help reduce bad breath while offering the benefits of natural ingredients.

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Herbal liquid mouth freshener, Oral hygiene, Halitosis, Herbal formulation, Peppermint oil, Clove oil, Menthol, Cardamom extract, Fennel extract, Natural oral care, Physicochemical evaluation, Herbal oral healthcare.

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Jataka stories are an ancient, voluminous body of Buddhist literature that chronicle the previous lives of Gautama Buddha before he attained enlightenment. Dating between 300 BCE and 400 CE, these 547 canonical fables depict the future Buddha (referred to as the Bodhisattva, or Buddha-to-be) reincarnated in various forms, including human kings, outcasts, deities, and a wide array of animals. Each story serves as a moral and spiritual framework, illustrating core principles of Buddhist ethics such as karma, compassion, self-sacrifice, and honesty.Famous Examples of Jataka Stories.my point of view the story given good messages. The mahakapi jataka or story of the great monkey appears both in the Pali collection of tales, way of understanding visual &Folk culture.

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Jataka stories, previous life, Valuesðical morality, paintings, panels Works.

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Background: An adolescent who have high degree of self-esteem will achieve problem solving skills, awareness about self, positive attitude towards self and environment. The term 'Bibliotherapy' is a combination of the Greek words for 'therapy' and 'books. Indeed, the Greeks were well-aware of the therapeutic power of books, inscribing over the door of the ancient library at Thebes the phrase "Healing place for soul. The specific objective is: ? To assess the pretest level of self-esteem among adolescents in experimental group and control group. ? To assess the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy by comparing pre and posttest level of self-esteem among adolescents in experimental and control group. Methodology: This chapter deals with the description of methodology and various steps which are undertaken for gathering and organizing data for the investigation to evaluate the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy on self-esteem among adolescents in high schools at Bangalore. Quantitative approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy. In this study, Quasi experimental non randomized control group design (pretest posttest Control group design) used in this study. Results: The investigator concluded that experimental adolescents had the self-esteem level as 14(46.67%) had low self-esteem, 16(53.3%) had moderate self-esteem and 0 (0%) had high self-esteem. In control group 6(20.0%) had low self-esteem, 24(80.0%) had moderate self-esteem and (0%) had high self-esteem. The comparison of pre and posttest level of self-esteem in experimental group. The pretest mean value of self-esteem was 28.06 with S.D 5.05 and the posttest mean value of self-esteem was 67.06 with S.D 6.88. The calculated Paired 't' value of t = 27.802 was found to be statistically significant at p<0.001 level. Conclusion: The following conclusions are drawn from the findings of the study. Bibliotherapy is more effective intervention to improve the level of self-esteem. The bibliotherapy helps to promote well-being of the persons. The experimental group adolescents were experienced more benefit.

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Evaluate, Effectiveness, Bibliotherapy, Self Esteem, Adolescents

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