Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This article examines marriage practices and religious life among the Lambadis in Ceded Bellary between 1800 and 1948, with particular attention to how these institutions sustained community authority during settlement consolidation and colonial administrative expansion. Drawing on district gazetteers, colonial ethnographic writings, census material, and oral narratives from tandas, it argues that marriage regulation and ritual authority were not merely matters of custom, but central mechanisms through which Lambadis organized social order, negotiated gendered authority, and maintained autonomy from external legal and priestly structures. Marriage practices such as clan exogamy, negotiated alliances, bride price, widow remarriage, levirate, and panchayat governed divorce structured kinship boundaries, obligations, and sanctions. Religious life, centered on Mariamma worship, sacrifice, domestic shrines, ancestor propitiation, and festival cycles such as Seethla and Teej, was largely administered through internal ritual specialists. Together, these institutions reveal how tanda based governance endured despite occupational change, colonial classification, and administrative expansion.

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Lambadi, Banjara, Ceded Bellary, kinship, marriage, ritual,

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Escherichia coli, urinary tract infections, community-acquired infections, multidrug resistance, central India, antimicrobial stewardship, combined disc test, and extended-spectrum ?-lactamase.

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Poor aqueous solubility remains a major challenge in pharmaceutical drug development, resulting in low and variable bioavailability, inconsistent therapeutic responses, and formulation difficulties for many drug candidates. Conventional solubility enhancement techniques such as salt formation, micronization, solid dispersions, cyclodextrin complexation, and surfactant-based systems often provide limited or unstable improvements, particularly for highly lipophilic drugs. In this context, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as an effective and versatile approach to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. By reducing drug particle size to the nanometer range and employing carrier-based strategies, nanoparticles enhance surface area, wettability, saturation solubility, and drug absorption while also enabling controlled drug release and protection from degradation. This review critically discusses the physicochemical causes of poor drug solubility, limitations of conventional delivery systems, and the rationale for nanoparticle-based formulations. Various nanoparticle platforms, including nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nano-emulsions, and hybrid systems, are evaluated along with recent advances in formulation technologies, characterization, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives.

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Bioavailability; Drug delivery systems; Nanoparticles; Poorly soluble drugs

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This study explores the intersection of sustainable tourism and technological advancement in Vrindavan, a prominent religious and cultural destination in India. By employing a narrative research approach, the paper examines how digital technologies--ranging from mobile apps and digital payment systems to social media and virtual tours--are reshaping the socio-economic landscape of Vrindavan's tourism sector. Through interviews with local stakeholders, including residents, business owners, and pilgrims, the study highlights the dual impact of technology: fostering economic opportunities, improving service delivery, and enhancing visitor experience, while also raising concerns about cultural commodification, environmental stress, and digital inequality. The findings underscore the need for inclusive and context-sensitive strategies that leverage technology to promote sustainable tourism without undermining the town's cultural and spiritual heritage. This research contributes to the broader discourse on smart tourism by contextualizing its socio-economic ramifications within a historically and spiritually significant setting.

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Digital Pilgrimage Management System, Eco-Friendly Services with app Integration, Smart Waste Management System, Digital Guides & Virtual Reality (VR)

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This research explores the impact of Multi-factor Authentication (MFA) on user trust among smartphone users, specifically addressing the tension between technical security and operational "friction." Using a quantitative design and a sample of 221 participants, the study analyzes how various authentication methods--including biometrics and SMS OTPs--influence digital confidence. The results indicate that trust is not a direct consequence of security depth but is instead contingent on seamlessness. While 70% of respondents favored biometrics for their low cognitive demand, 75% reported abandoning applications due to login complexity. Statistical analysis via ANOVA (p = 0.82) confirmed that security-related frustration is a universal experience, transcending demographic categories. The study concludes that technical robustness is insufficient on its own; to build long-term trust, developers must prioritize "human-centric" models like adaptive and invisible authentication that reduce user error and friction.

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Keywords: Multi-factor Authentication (MFA), User Trust, Smartphone Security, Biometrics, Security Friction, User Experience (UX).

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Abstract In "Dover beach " by Matthew Arnold, the explores the human struggle to find meaning in a world marked by uncertainty and change. The poem reflects the Victorian era's crisis of faith, as traditional religious beliefs are challenged by scientific progress and social upheaval. Arnold uses the metaphor of the "Sea of Faith" retreating to symbolize the loss of spiritual certainty, leaving humanity exposed to a world devoid of unifying truths. In this landscape, the search for meaning shifts from external anchors, like religion, to personal connections. Arnold suggests that love and human solidarity offer the most enduring solace amidst the chaos. The poem's melancholic tone and vivid imagery underscore the fragility of meaning in a world that seems increasingly disconnected and disoriented. Dover Beach resonates deeply with readers, inviting reflection on how we navigate our own search for purpose in an ever-changing world.

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Dover Beach, Matthew Arnold , Crisis of Faith , Victorian Literature , Sea of Faith

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The spread of wireless technology has users scrambling to find more usable radio spectrums. The search has shown inefficiencies in licensed spectrum bands and shown that they are getting harder to find. Without interfering with major users, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) enable secondary users to opportunistically access unused spectrum. Spectrum sensing, which enables users to determine which frequencies are unoccupied and hence suitable for transmission, is one useful feature of CRNs. Energy detection is the most straightforward and rapid of the several spectrum sensing techniques. However, there are disadvantages to the conventional approach of energy sensing. A poor signal to noise ratio (SNR), a high rate of false alarms, and uncertainty with noise levels are some of these disadvantages under fading circumstances. These constraints have a significant impact on overall network performance and reduce the efficiency of spectrum sensing. Reliable and precise spectrum sensing utilizing adaptive threshold, noise variance, and informed detection at low SNR is the basis of our enhanced energy detection technique, which is presented in this study. The model can be improved by increasing detection probability and decreasing false alarm and missed detection probabilities. Contrasting the traditional energy detection approach with the recommended update improves communication reliability, spectrum occupancy, and spectrum quality. This study also discusses feasible enhancing application situations, issues with the proposed improvement, and future research objectives for AI and ML-based spectrum sensing.

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Cognitive Radio Networks, Spectrum Sensing, Energy Detection, Wireless Communication, Dynamic Spectrum Access, Signal Processing, Spectrum Efficiency

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The discourse of national development in postcolonial societies has consistently privileged science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) as instruments of modernization, technological advancement, and economic transformation. However, the overemphasis on technical knowledge frequently marginalizes the humanities despite literature's critical role in shaping imagination, ethics, identity, and civic consciousness. This paper examines how literary imagination contributes to the pedagogy of STEM within the postcolonial nation by interrogating narratives of progress embedded in African postcolonial literature. Drawing on postcolonial theory, decolonial pedagogy, and interdisciplinary educational scholarship, the study argues that literature offers alternative epistemologies capable of humanizing STEM education and resisting technocratic forms of development inherited from colonial modernity. Through textual analysis of selected African literary works by Ng?g? wa Thiong'o, Chinua Achebe, Niyi Osundare, and Ben Okri, the paper demonstrates how literary narratives critique colonial notions of progress while proposing indigenous, ethical, and socially responsive visions of scientific advancement. The study concludes that integrating literary imagination into STEM pedagogy can foster creativity, ethical responsibility, critical thinking, and culturally grounded innovation necessary for sustainable development in postcolonial societies (Aslam et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2024).

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The twenty-first century has witnessed a global celebration of STEM education as a principal driver of economic competitiveness, scientific innovation, and technological modernization

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Abstract This paper examines the intersections of power, voice, and the polis in contemporary African postcolonial literature with emphasis on leadership, governance, and civic responsibility in post-independence African societies. The study argues that African literature functions as a socio-political archive through which writers critique authoritarianism, corruption, militarism, gender exclusion, and democratic failure. Drawing on postcolonial theory and textual analysis, the paper rereads leadership as a contested space where citizens negotiate identity, resistance, and civic participation. Through selected texts by Chinua Achebe, Ng?g? wa Thiong'o, Helon Habila, Wole Soyinka, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the study demonstrates that African literature remains deeply invested in reconstructing ethical leadership and amplifying marginalized voices. Recent scholarship further emphasizes the continuing relevance of African literary interventions in discourses of decolonization and democratic agency (Gikandi, 2021; Mbembe, 2022). The study concludes that contemporary African postcolonial literature not only exposes the failures of governance but also imagines alternative civic futures rooted in accountability, inclusiveness, and collective responsibility.

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 Keywords

Power; Voice; Polis; Postcolonial Literature; African Literature; Governance; Resistance; Decolonization; Civic Agency; Democratic Participation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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"A classroom-Based Action Research on Overcome Public Speaking Anxiety" Abstract Public speaking is a foundational skill that strengthens communication competence, confidence, and leadership among learners. However, many students continue to struggle with stage fear, hesitation, and limited self-expression. This action research, conducted at PMSHRI GHSS Seri over three months (January-March 2025) with 30 female Class 9 students, aimed to reduce public speaking anxiety through structured interventions such as mirror practice, microphone-use sessions, storytelling, poem recitation, novel reading, and morning assembly presentations. Using the Plan-Act-Observe-Reflect (PAOR) framework, data were collected through pre- and post-intervention Likert scale questionnaires, observation checklists, student feedback forms, and reflective journals. Findings revealed a shift from high anxiety and hesitation in the pre-test to significantly improved confidence, articulation, and stage presence in the post-test. The study concludes that consistent speaking opportunities and reflective practices support learners in developing communication skills and overcoming public speaking anxiety.

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Public Speaking anxiety, Confidence Building, Mirror Practice, Stage Fear, Action Research, Self-expression, Communication Skills

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition