Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

This paper introduces and studies the Sumudu transform with parameter p, the Fourier transform with parameter s, and their combined structure, the Sumudu-Fourier transform (SFT). A generalized formulation of the SFT is developed in the framework of distributions of compact support, enabling its extension to a broad class of generalized functions in the dual space . The analyticity properties of both the classical and distributional SFT are investigated. By applying Cauchy's integral formula and exploiting appropriate growth conditions on corresponding kernels, we demonstrate that the Sumudu-Fourier transform is analytic in complex domains of the parameters p and s. The analyticity proofs rely on convergence of incremental ratios in the dual space and on uniform bounds for transform kernels. These results establish a rigorous mathematical foundation for parameter-dependent Sumudu-Fourier transforms and extend their applicability to generalized function spaces.

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 Keywords

Sumudu Transform, Fourier Transform, Sumudu -Fourier Transform, Generalized function, Testing function space.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Braille is a tactile writing and reading system that enables individuals with visual impairments to access information through raised dot patterns and supports independent communication and learning activities. This study presents BrailleSpeak, a smart voice-guided portable Braille interface designed to improve accessibility and daily interaction for individuals with visual impairments. The system integrates an Arduino-based control unit, Bluetooth communication, speech processing, electromagnetic solenoids, and audio feedback mechanisms to convert spoken commands into corresponding Braille characters in real time. Voice inputs received through a mobile application are transmitted wirelessly and translated into tactile outputs displayed on a compact Braille interface. Simultaneously, audio responses provide confirmation of recognized commands and generated outputs. The proposed approach emphasizes portability, affordability, user convenience, and efficient information access without continuous external assistance. Experimental evaluation using alphabetic characters and numeric inputs demonstrates reliable operation, accurate Braille representation, and responsive feedback performance. The developed device contributes to assistive technology by supporting inclusive communication, educational engagement, and independent navigation tasks. Furthermore, the design offers a practical framework for future accessibility innovations.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

BrailleSpeak, Voice-Guided Interface, Assistive Technology, Arduino Uno, Speech Processing, Bluetooth Communication, Audio Feedback, Portable Braille System, Visual Impairment, Accessibility.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Rural markets in India are entering a phase that is structurally different from what was prevalent earlier. Physical reach, digital payment readiness, localized brand meaning and last-mile fulfilment are becoming mutually reinforcing capabilities. This paper investigates the rural retail transformation strategy through a study to 2030. We analyse how digital payments, localized branding and last-mile market innovation affect the consumers reach, consumers trust, and retail growth in emerging rural markets. This study adopts a descriptive and analytical design using secondary evidence from government reports, payment-system reports, financial-inclusion reports and retail-sector reports, supplemented by a hypothetical primary survey dataset of 320 rural consumers and small retailers. The framework describes how a consumer's extensive reach is achieved through the adoption of digital payment, localised branding and last mile innovation, the consumer trust is a mediating behavioural mechanism. The hypothetical descriptive, correlation, regression, and ANOVA results indicate that convenience of digital payment, local language brand communication, affordability of products, familiarity of retailers and access to reliable delivery are the significant predictors of rural purchasing behaviour. Digital payments seem likely to reduce transaction friction while localized branding enhances symbolic relevance and social acceptability. Last-mile initiatives such as micro-retailers, assisted commerce, mobile ordering and rural entrepreneurship are pushing the market beyond the traditional distribution area. According to the study, digitization alone will not capture the rural retail opportunity towards 2030. It should be a hybrid model that combines payment infrastructure, culturally rooted branding, trusted intermediaries, and accountable last-mile networks. The paper wraps up with managerial and policy implications for an inclusive, scalable, and trust-sensitive rural retailing strategy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Rural retail; digital payments; localized branding; last-mile innovation; consumer trust; rural consumers; India 2030

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This project presents the development of an advanced Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that utilizes machine learning algorithms, specifically Random Forest and Linear Regression, to detect and classify diverse network attacks, including Denial of Service (DOS), probe, remote to local, and user to local. The proposed IDS addresses the challenge of imbalanced datasets through effective data balancing techniques, ensuring optimal performance and accurate identification of network threats. To provide real-time insights and monitoring, the IDS integrates a Flask web application that offers interactive visualizations. Network administrators can visualize model performance metrics, detected attack types, and real-time network traffic analysis through user-friendly charts and graphs. The IDS system demonstrates enhanced accuracy in detecting both known and novel attack patterns while minimizing false positives. Its capability to handle complex attack scenarios ensures a robust and reliable defense against emerging threats. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and real-time monitoring, the developed IDS empowers administrators to promptly respond to potential security breaches, thereby bolstering overall network security. In conclusion, this project contributes an effective and efficient IDS solution, providing a comprehensive tool for safeguarding network infrastructures against a wide range of intrusions. Continuous updates and feedback-driven improvements are essential to maintain the IDS's efficacy in an ever-evolving cybersecurity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intrusion Detection System, machine learning, flask frame

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A Study of the Chenging Role and Challenges of teachers in the context of the National Education Policy 2020

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A Study of the Chenging Role and Challenges of teachers in the context of the National Education Policy 2020

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study describes the development and evaluation of a polyherbal anti-dandruff hair gel using medicinal plant extracts including guava leaves (Psidium guajava), curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), amla (Emblica officinalis), and aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis). Due to the limitations and side effects associated with prolonged use of conventional anti-dandruff products, herbal alternatives offer a safer approach. The gel was formulated by a simple and economical method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as appearance, pH, consistency, spreadability, viscosity, homogeneity, washability, and stability. Antimicrobial activity against dandruff-causing microorganisms was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The formulated gel showed satisfactory physical characteristics, good stability, and effective antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate that the developed polyherbal hair gel has potential as a safe, effective, and eco-friendly formulation for the management of dandruff and improvement of scalp health.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal hair gel, Anti-dandruff, Guava leaves extract, Scalp health, Anti-microbial activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid growth of Internet-connected devices and modern communication networks has significantly increased cybersecurity threats. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are often ineffective against sophisticated and zero-day attacks due to their dependence on static signatures and predefined rules. Recent developments in machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning have significantly improved the capability of intrusion detection systems to identify both known and unknown network attacks. This literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent research works related to network intrusion detection systems, emphasizing machine learning, deep learning, explainable AI, ensemble learning, and reinforcement learning approaches. The review identifies current challenges, strengths, and research gaps that motivate the development of a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection System.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet, cybersecurity, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Reinforcement Learning (RL)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The structural transformation of the rural retail markets is taking place where digital inclusion, mobile-first payments, hyperlocal commerce, and culturally relevant marketing is integral to consumer outreach and retail growth. This research paper looks at the future-ready rural retail marketing in developing rural markets with India as the analytical context. The study proposes a conceptual and empirical framework for understanding the relationship between digital inclusion, hyperlocal commerce, localized marketing, and digital trust - in rural consumer growth. The study is illustrative and analytical and will be carried out on proof-based work on recent institutional reports and peer-reviewed literature. Due to the non-supply of raw field data, a 'mock' survey dataset is created for 420 rural and semi-rural respondents to exhibit the statistical design, interpretation process and the hypothesis testing framework. As per the results, rural consumers' growth will increase due to digital trust, digital inclusion, hyperlocal commerce, and localized marketing. Digital trust emerges as the most robust predictor which indicates that payment reliability grievance redressal privacy comfortability and retailer credibility are decisive conditions for expanding digital retail participation. According to the results, Hyperlocal models also retain the social benefits of kirana shops and local entrepreneurs. They further provide convenience through WhatsApp ordering, UPI payment, assisted commerce and delivery from nearby locations. According to the paper, future-ready rural retail marketing should not be seen as mere e-commerce diffusion. It must be recognized as a hybrid ecosystem of digital access, communication in local vernacular, community trust, affordable logistics and inclusive retail infrastructure.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

rural retail marketing; digital inclusion; hyperlocal commerce; digital payments; localized branding; rural consumer growth; emerging markets.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Government social advertising has emerged as an important communication tool for promoting public welfare schemes, social awareness, and behavioral change among citizens. The Government of Karnataka extensively utilizes traditional and digital media platforms to disseminate information related to health, education, sanitation, women empowerment, environmental protection, and social welfare programmes. Understanding the effectiveness of these advertisements is essential for evaluating their contribution to public awareness and citizen engagement. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to review existing literature on the impact of government social advertising on citizens in Karnataka and to identify the major factors influencing the effectiveness of such advertisements in creating awareness, shaping attitudes, and encouraging behavioral change. Approach/Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative review-based approach. Secondary data were collected from research articles, journals, government reports, conference papers, and scholarly publications related to government social advertising, public communication, and welfare programme promotion. Relevant literature was systematically analyzed to identify common themes, findings, and research gaps concerning the impact of government social advertising in Karnataka. Results/Findings: The review reveals that government social advertising plays a significant role in increasing citizens' awareness of welfare schemes and social issues. Television, newspapers, radio, and social media platforms were found to be the most effective communication channels. The findings indicate that advertisements featuring emotional appeal, culturally relevant content, and regional language communication generate greater public engagement. The study also highlights that digital media has enhanced the reach and effectiveness of government campaigns, particularly among younger audiences. However, challenges such as the digital divide, low media literacy, and uneven access to information in rural areas continue to affect campaign effectiveness. Conclusion: The study concludes that government social advertising significantly contributes to public awareness, citizen participation, and social development in Karnataka. Effective communication strategies and the integration of traditional and digital media can further improve the impact of government campaigns. The review also identifies the need for more empirical research focusing on citizen perceptions, behavioral outcomes, and the effectiveness of Karnataka-specific social advertising initiatives.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Government Social Advertising, Citizens, Karnataka, Public Awareness, Welfare Schemes, Social Media, Communication Effectiveness, Behavioral Change

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract This study focuses on analyzing the efficiency of invoice processing at Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) - Pondicherry Factory. The research evaluates the effectiveness of invoice verification, approval workflow, SAP-based processing, and turnaround time management. Data was collected from 154 employees through structured questionnaires and secondary company records. The findings reveal that approval delays, GRN mismatches, manual errors, and system downtime are the major factors affecting invoice processing efficiency. The study also highlights the importance of automation, vendor compliance, and interdepartmental coordination in improving operational performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Invoice Processing, Accounts Payable, SAP System, Invoice Verification, Approval Workflow, Turnaround Time, GRN Mismatch, Automation, Vendor Compliance, Operational Efficiency, Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), Pondicherry Factory.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition