Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT The institution of political opposition constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of parliamentary democracy and serves as an indispensable mechanism for ensuring accountability, responsiveness, and constitutional governance. In parliamentary systems, democracy functions not merely through the authority of the ruling party but also through the presence of an organized and vigilant opposition capable of scrutinizing governmental actions, articulating alternative policies, and safeguarding public interests. This study examines the theoretical foundations, democratic significance, and functional role of opposition in the context of India's parliamentary democracy. Drawing upon the historical evolution of opposition politics, the paper analyses the emergence of opposition as a recognized democratic institution, its transformation within different party systems, and its contribution to the maintenance of democratic norms and procedures. The study argues that opposition performs multiple functions, including legislative scrutiny, protection of civil liberties, representation of minority viewpoints, policy evaluation, and prevention of executive arbitrariness. Furthermore, it explores the development of opposition politics in India from the early post-independence period of one-party dominance to the emergence of a competitive multi-party system. The analysis demonstrates that a strong, responsible, and constructive opposition is essential for preserving democratic accountability and preventing the concentration of political power.

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Parliamentary Democracy, Opposition, Democratic Accountability, Parliamentary Governance, Indian Parliament, Democratic Institutions.

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Numerous studies on the Tholkappiyam have been published over time in various fields of research. Scholars have established through their investigations that the grammatical concepts embodied in the twenty-seven sections distributed across its three divisions possess diverse research dimensions. Studies have also been undertaken, and continue to be undertaken, comparing the Tholkappiyam with other grammatical works in terms of structure, analysis, and embedded meaning, as well as from theoretical perspectives. In this context, the present study is based on the hypothesis that the nine sections of the Ezhuthathikaram, ranging from Noonmarapu to kutriyalukara punariyal, constitute an expansion and development of the very first sūtra of the Tholkappiyam, namely “Ezhuthenap paduva” (“That which is called a letter”). This opening noorpa not only identifies the fundamental letters of the Tamil language but also provides the basis for understanding the origin of letters, their occurrence and function in language, their transformations, assimilations, and processes of stabilization. The subsequent noorpa in the later sections elaborate and explain these foundational concepts in greater detail. Accordingly, this study proceeds on the premise that the first noorpa of the Noonmarapu serves as the source and conceptual foundation of the entire Ezhuthathikaram.

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USHA PRIYANVADA KE UPANYAASON MEIN NAARI-ANIVARYA SWARचेतना से तात्पर्य ऐसी ज्ञानमूलक मनोवृति, जिसमे जीव आंतरिक अनुभूतियों और बाह्य घटनाओ के तत्वों से अनुभव प्राप्त कर ऐसी स्तिथि में आ पाते है कि बुरे परिणामो या बातों से बचकर अच्छी बातो की ओर प्रवृत हो सके। सोच समझ कर किसी बात की ओर ध्यान देने की सुविचारणा ही चेतना है। चेतना मानव जाति की मुख्य विशेषता है, चेतना शब्द आत्मा का समानार्थी भी माना जाता और आत्मा का निवास मानव शरीर में है। यूँ कहे कि "चेतन मानस की प्रमुख विशेषता चेतना है अर्थात ॱविषयों, व्यवहारों का ज्ञान ।"1

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USHA PRIYANVADA KE UPANYAASON MEIN NAARI-ANIVARYA SWAR

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Marital rape has been prevalent in many countries from time immemorial, and in some countries, considering the reproductive rights of women and its impact on the physical and mental health of women, it has been criminalised. Marital rape is a result of not recognizing the identity of women. Apart from that, marital rape violates the right to health of women under Article 21 of the Constitution from a health perspective. The marital rape exemption does not consider the vulnerability of a disabled spouse in a marriage. But in India, marital rape prevails, and this article analyses the validity of the legal principles based on which marital rape is not yet abolished in India and analyses the marital rape from different angles, like right to health, protection of disabled people. This article is studied with the doctrinal method by relying on secondary sources like Statutes, Scholarly articles from reputed journals, Judicial pronouncements, etc. This discussion article makes a comparative study of criminalization of marital rape in countries like the US, UK, etc. The results show that the marital rape exemption is based on old customary practices where women did not have individual identity and bodily privacy. The results also indicate that the marital rape exemption is in contravention of the fundamental right to health under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, recognised by various Supreme Court judgments. The results further tell that marital rape is not considered from the perspective of the disabled spouse. Therefore, marital rape should be criminalised on the basis that it violates the right to health, protection of disabled persons against marital rape and also to recognize the identity and privacy of women inside marriage.

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Domestic Violence, Family Conjugal rights, Marital rape, Rape during Judicial separation.

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Swatantryottar Hindi Sahitya Men Rashtriya Chetana Badalte Samajik Pariprekshya Ka Adhyayan

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Swatantryottar Hindi Sahitya Men Rashtriya Chetana Badalte Samajik Pariprekshya Ka Adhyayan

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Personality traits play a crucial role in shaping an individual's approach to competitive examinations, influencing study habits, stress management, and overall success. This study examines the distinct personality profiles of UPSC and NEET-PG aspirants, two groups preparing for highly competitive yet fundamentally different career paths, civil services and medical services. Using the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (FFI), the study assesses five key personality dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The consists of 60 items, with 12 items per personality dimension. The 60 self-report items, each of which is rated using a 5-point Likert scale. The sample (N=135) included UPSC (N=73) and NEET-PG (N=62) aspirants aged between 20 and 50 years, representing various educational backgrounds, coaching institutions, and socio-economic strata. Results revealed that UPSC aspirants showed significantly higher levels of Neuroticism and Openness to Experience compared to NEET PG aspirants. Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Extraversion were found to be comparable across both groups, with no significant differences. These findings can aid educators, counselors, and coaching centers in developing targeted interventions and support systems. However, the study is limited by its urban sample. Future research should include diverse populations, examine demographic influences, and adopt longitudinal or qualitative methods for a deeper understanding of aspirants' psychological profiles.

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UPSC, NEET-PG, NEO-Five Factor Inventory

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The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies -- encompassing machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), large language models (LLMs), and intelligent recommender systems -- is fundamentally transforming the landscape of academic library services. The library website, as the primary digital interface between the library and its users, represents a critical battleground for AI adoption. This exploratory study investigates the nature, extent, and implications of AI integration in academic library websites globally, with specific attention to the Indian higher education context. Drawing on a comprehensive review of recent literature (2020-2025), this paper identifies eight major categories of AI applications currently deployed or emerging on academic library websites: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants, intelligent recommendation systems, NLP-based search and discovery, automated cataloguing, plagiarism detection tools, predictive analytics, accessibility AI tools, and AI-assisted digital preservation. The paper also proposes a 20-parameter evaluation checklist for assessing AI integration on library websites, examines key challenges including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and digital divide, and offers strategic recommendations for academic libraries -- particularly in India -- seeking to adopt AI responsibly and effectively. The study concludes that while AI holds transformative potential for academic libraries, its adoption must be guided by clear ethical frameworks, institutional policies, and sustained investment in library staff capacity building.

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Artificial Intelligence, Academic Library Websites, Chatbots, Machine Learning, NLP, Recommender Systems, Digital Library, Library 4.0, AI Ethics, India

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Background: Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is a chrono-behavioral eating disorder characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake, evening hyperphagia, and nocturnal ingestions. Despite its growing clinical relevance, NES remains under-diagnosed among urban young adults, particularly within the Indian context where lifestyle factors such as irregular sleep schedules, academic stress and 24-hour food availability are increasingly prevalent. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 young adults (100 males, 100 females). Data collection included anthropometric measurements, the Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and 3-day 24-hour dietary recall. Participants were classified into four NEDQ categories. Statistical analyses included Chi-square tests, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction, and Pearson's correlation. Results: NES was highly prevalent, with 67% of participants exhibiting night eating behaviors and 24% meeting Full NES criteria. Increasing NEDQ severity was significantly associated with higher BMI (p=0.023), poorer sleep quality (p<0.001), and elevated perceived stress (p<0.001). Sleep quality and perceived stress were strongly correlated (r=0.520, p<0.001). Total energy and macronutrient intake did not differ significantly across categories; however, iron intake was significantly higher (p<0.001) and calcium intake significantly lower (p=0.007) in NES-positive groups. Conclusion: NES is prevalent among urban Indian young adults and is significantly linked to poor sleep, elevated stress, and qualitative dietary disturbances, reinforcing its conceptualization as a circadian disorder within a stress-sleep-eating triad. Integrated multidisciplinary interventions addressing dietary timing, sleep hygiene, and stress management are warranted.

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Night Eating Syndrome (NES), Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, Dietary Intake, Circadian Eating Patterns, Young Adults

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मध्य प्रदेश के मालवा क्षेत्र में स्थित देवास नगर अपनी औद्योगिक पहचान के साथ-साथ धार्मिक एवं सांस्कृतिक विरासत के लिए भी प्रसिद्ध है। इस विरासत का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण केंद्र देवास टेकरी है, जहाँ माँ चामुंडा और माँ तुलजा भवानी के प्राचीन मंदिर स्थित हैं। यह स्थल केवल एक धार्मिक आस्था का केंद्र नहीं है, बल्कि स्थानीय संस्कृति, सामाजिक जीवन और पर्यटन गतिविधियों का भी प्रमुख आधार है। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र का उद्देश्य देवास टेकरी के धार्मिक महत्व, सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव तथा पर्यटन संभावनाओं का अध्ययन करना है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि टेकरी ने देवास की ऐतिहासिक पहचान के निर्माण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है तथा वर्तमान समय में यह धार्मिक पर्यटन का एक प्रमुख केंद्र बन चुकी है।

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देवास टेकरी , माँ चामुंडा, धार्मिक पर्यटन, लोक संस्कृति, शक्ति उपासना, मालवा क्षेत्र, आस्था एवं श्रद्धा

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Background: Frozen shoulder, medically known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition that appears more frequently in people living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). In Ayurveda, a closely matching condition has long been described as Avabahuka. Both conditions share a common thread they cause shoulder stiffness, pain, and significant loss of movement. Objective: This paper explores how Avabahuka and frozen shoulder overlap in diabetic patients, focusing on their shared disease mechanisms and what Ayurveda offers in terms of prevention. Methods: We reviewed classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Madhava Nidana, alongside modern medical literature sourced from PubMed, the AYU journal, and ScienceDirect. We then compared both systems in terms of disease process, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Results: The review identified clear parallels both conditions involve vitiation of and Kapha doshas, damage to Snayu (tendons and ligaments), and depletion of Dhatus (body Vata tissues). On the modern side, collagen glycosylation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and microvascular injury mirror what Ayurveda describes as Kapha Avarana of Vata and Sandhigata disorders. Conclusion: Identifying early Avabahuka-like symptoms in diabetic patients opens a window for timely, preventive action. Ayurvedic therapies such as Abhyanga (oil massage), Swedana (sudation), Basti (medicated enemas), and targeted dietary changes can meaningfully support standard diabetic care.

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Avabahuka, Frozen Shoulder, Prameha, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Ayurveda

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