Volume 14 | Issue 6 |

 Abstract

Acharya Sushruta classifies Kadara under the 44 Kshudra Rogas , which classically correlates with Corn in contemporary medicine. It is characterized as a localized hyperkeratosis of the epidermis resulting from pressure, or constant trauma1. Pathologically, Kadara is a Kapha-Vataja disorder that vitiates the Rakta and Meda Dhatus.. This forms a hard, deep-seated, bolt-like nodule (Sakeela)2. When the deep apex of this keratotic core projects inward it compresses underlying nerve producing localized pain on pressure. Utkartana (surgical excision) followed immediately by Sneha Dahana utilizes high latent heat to completely destroy the central root, providing an Apunarbhava (non-recurring) cure by pacifying Vata and Kapha. This review highlights Agnikarma clears the deep core structure and preventing recurrence.

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KEYWORDS: Kadara, Corn, Kshudra Roga, Agnikarma, Shalyatantra

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Abstract Husband support during pregnancy and labour plays a crucial role in improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes by enhancing antenatal care utilization, emotional well-being, birth preparedness, and timely healthcare-seeking behaviour. This exploratory quantitative study assessed the level of husband support during pregnancy and labour and examined its relationship with pregnancy outcomes among 100 postnatal mothers admitted in Selected Hospital, Alwar, Rajasthan. The study utilized a modified interview schedule comprising 31 items to assess husband support and a structured questionnaire consisting of 15 items to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes. The socio-demographic profile showed that most participants were aged 21-25 years (60%), belonged to joint families (66%), had secondary-level education (57%), lived in rural areas (73%), and had planned pregnancies (80%). Findings revealed that 53% of mothers reported moderate husband support, 45% reported high support, and only 2% reported low support. The mean husband support score was 91.33 (SD = 3.68). Similarly, 53% of mothers experienced good pregnancy outcomes, while 47% had average outcomes, with no participants reporting poor outcomes. The mean pregnancy outcome score was 27.94 (SD = 4.17).A statistically significant positive correlation was found between husband support and pregnancy outcomes (r = 0.78), indicating that higher levels of husband involvement were associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, no significant association was observed between husband support and socio-demographic variables such as age, education, occupation, family income, parity, or type of pregnancy. The study highlights the significant contribution of husband support to positive pregnancy outcomes and underscores the importance of male participation in maternal healthcare. The findings suggest that healthcare professionals should encourage active husband involvement through targeted education, counselling, and family-centred maternity care programmes. Strengthening male participation in maternal health services may improve pregnancy outcomes and contribute to enhanced maternal and child health, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Rajasthan, India.

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Keywords Husband support, pregnancy, labour, maternal health, neonatal outcomes, male involvement, postnatal mothers.

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Chronic Heart Failure, Self-Management, Nurse-Led Intervention, Health-Related Quality of Life, Cardiac Nursing.

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Cinema plays an important role in reflecting society and influencing people's attitudes toward women. In recent years, Kannada cinema has increasingly focused on women's lives, social problems, and empowerment. This study examines the representation of women's issues in recent Kannada films released between 2010 and 2025. The study uses a qualitative content analysis method to analyse selected women-oriented Kannada films. Five major themes were identified: gender discrimination, domestic violence, social inequality, identity struggles, and women's empowerment. The findings show that women's empowerment is the most frequently represented issue (27%), followed by gender discrimination (23%), social inequality (20%), domestic violence (17%), and identity struggles (13%). Films such as Hebbet Ramakka, Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu, Jeerjimbe, Nathicharami, Law, Act-1978, Shuddhi, Naanu Kusuma, Shivamma, and Aachar & Co. portray women as strong individuals who face social challenges and strive for justice, equality, education, and self-respect. Although some films continue to portray traditional gender stereotypes, recent Kannada cinema increasingly presents realistic and empowering images of women. The study concludes that Kannada films are becoming an important medium for creating awareness about women's issues and promoting gender equality in society.

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Kannada Cinema; Women's Issues; Women's Representation; Gender Discrimination; Women's Empowerment; Qualitative Content Analysis; Gender Equality; Feminist Film Studies.

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Underwater Surveillance Robots are increasingly utilized for monitoring aquatic environments, inspecting submerged structures, and supporting exploration activities in areas that are difficult to access through conventional methods. This paper presents the design and development of AquaSentinel, a Bluetooth-enabled underwater surveillance and inspection robot intended for real-time observation and controlled underwater navigation. The proposed system incorporates an Arduino Nano microcontroller, HC-05 Bluetooth module, DC motors, BLDC thruster, electronic speed controller, underwater HD camera, and LED illumination unit to achieve reliable operation in underwater conditions. Wireless communication between a mobile application and the robot enables efficient control of movement and surveillance functions. A waterproof structural framework provides buoyancy, stability, and protection for internal electronic components. The integrated camera captures live underwater visuals, allowing continuous monitoring and inspection of aquatic environments. Performance evaluation demonstrates effective maneuverability, stable communication, and dependable surveillance capability. The developed system offers a low-cost, user-friendly, and efficient solution for underwater monitoring applications, making it suitable for environmental assessment, educational projects, research activities, infrastructure inspection, and aquatic resource management tasks.

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Underwater Surveillance Robot, Bluetooth Communication, Arduino Nano, Remotely Operated Vehicle, Underwater Inspection, Wireless Control, HD Camera, Aquatic Monitoring.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies influencing the accounting and auditing profession. The increasing complexity of business transactions, growth in digital financial data, and rising expectations for audit quality have encouraged organizations to adopt AI-driven tools and techniques to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of auditing processes. AI encompasses a broad range of technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, robotic process automation, expert systems, and predictive analytics, which enable auditors to analyse large volumes of structured and unstructured data with greater speed and precision than traditional methods. The integration of AI into auditing has significantly enhanced risk assessment, fraud detection, anomaly identification, continuous auditing, compliance monitoring, and decision-making capabilities. Large accounting firms and regulatory bodies are increasingly investing in AI-powered audit solutions to improve transparency and strengthen financial reporting systems. Despite these advantages, the implementation of AI in auditing presents several technical, ethical, legal, and organizational challenges. Issues related to data quality, algorithmic bias, explainability, cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, privacy protection, and the shortage of skilled professionals continue to limit widespread adoption. Furthermore, concerns regarding auditor independence, accountability, and the reliability of AI-generated recommendations require careful consideration. The rapid development of generative AI and explainable AI has created new opportunities for enhancing audit processes while simultaneously introducing additional governance challenges. This review paper examines the evolution of AI in auditing, explores the major technologies and practical applications, analyses the challenges associated with AI implementation, and discusses emerging trends that are likely to shape the future of the auditing profession. The study synthesizes findings from recent academic and professional literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of AI in modern auditing. The review concludes that AI is unlikely to replace human auditors but will increasingly augment their capabilities by automating repetitive tasks and enabling more strategic, data-driven decision-making. The future of auditing will depend on the successful integration of technological innovation with professional judgement, ethical standards, and effective regulatory frameworks.

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Artificial Intelligence, Auditing, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Fraud Detection, Continuous Auditing, Robotic Process Automation, Natural Language Processing, Generative AI, Accounting.

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This paper systematically reviews and quantitatively synthesizes secondary data on the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on performance management (PM) systems across organizations.

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Artificial Intelligence; Performance Management; Systematic Literature Review; Secondary Data Analysis; Algorithmic Bias; Predictive Analytics; Employee Productivity; Explainable AI

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The Strait of Hormuz is one of the most important maritime chokepoints in the world, connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean. Beyond its geographical identity, the strait functions as a vital artery of global commerce, carrying a significant share of the world's oil and liquefied natural gas passes through this narrow waterway to international markets, making it crucial for global energy trade. This study explores the strait not only as a geographical feature but as a dynamic intersection of economic importance, geopolitical significance, and strategic vulnerability. It examines how the narrowness of the passage, combined with its centrality to energy flows, makes it both a lifeline and a potential flashpoint. The analysis highlights the dependence of Gulf nations on this route, the global ripple effects of any disruption, and the ways in which political tensions, territorial disputes, and security risks transform the strait into a stage for international power struggles. The study underscores the need for cooperative security frameworks and resilient energy strategies to safeguard this indispensable corridor for generations to come.

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Strait of Hormuz, Gulf, Geopolitics, Global energy, Strait, Trade.

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The bow occupies a central place in the history of bowed string instruments and serves as the principal medium through which sound is sustained, shaped, and artistically expressed. From primitive hunting implements to the highly refined modern violin bow, its transformation reflects centuries of experimentation, craftsmanship, and intercultural exchange. This paper examines the historical evolution of the bow with particular emphasis on ancient Indian references, the R?va?ahastha, and the gradual refinement of bowed string traditions in both Eastern and Western music. The study also analyses the structural development of the modern violin bow, including its components, materials, and performance techniques. Special attention is given to the philosophical and cultural significance of the bow as the "voice" of the violin, capable of transforming vibration into musical expression. The paper ultimately demonstrates that the evolution of the bow is not merely a technical development but an artistic journey that shaped the history of world music.

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The development of intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) has gained significant attention due to the need for efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies operating at reduced temperatures. Ceramic electrolytes play a critical role in determining SOFC performance; however, conventional fabrication methods often require high sintering temperatures and may produce materials with limited ionic conductivity. Polymer-assisted processing has emerged as an effective approach to overcome these challenges by enabling improved microstructural control, enhanced densification, and lower processing temperatures. This review examines the major ceramic electrolyte materials used in IT-SOFCs, including yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC), samarium-doped ceria (SDC), and lanthanum gallate-based electrolytes. Various polymer-assisted fabrication techniques such as sol-gel synthesis, the Pechini method, electrospinning, and polymer-derived ceramics are discussed. The influence of polymer additives on electrolyte microstructure, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical performance is critically analyzed. Finally, future prospects involving nanostructured electrolytes, additive manufacturing, and artificial intelligence-assisted materials design are highlighted.

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Solid oxide fuel cells, Ceramic electrolytes, Polymer-assisted processing, Ionic conductivity, Intermediate-temperature SOFCs, Electrochemical performance

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