Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

This study investigates the anti-ulcer activity of the ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa linn (Root) against Aspirin induced and Pylorus ligated ulcers. Gastric ulcer disease is caused by an imbalance between mucosal defense factors and injurious factors, such as acid and pepsin. Ulcers caused by pylorus ligation result from increased gastric acid and pepsin accumulation, leading to auto digestion of gastric mucosa and breaking down the gastric mucosal barrier. NSAIDs are frequently associated with peptic ulcers. The anti-ulcer effect is supported by decreased aggressive factors like gastric volume, decreased free and total acidity, and increased resistance factors like pH. The anti-ulcer agent may protect the mucosa from acid effects by selectively increasing prostaglandins, which have a vital protective role. The mucosal defense mechanism may be due to the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa, which are impermeable to H+ ions and form a physical barrier. The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa linn (Root) was evaluated using the aspirin induced ulcer model, showing dose-dependent inhibition percentages of 53.26% and 63.23% compared to the ulcer control. The standard drug Ranitidine HCL (20mg/kg) showed a percentage inhibition of 71.48% when compared to the ulcer control. The study also found that the extract can reduce reactive free radicals that might cause oxidative damage to tissue. It also reduced polymorphonucleur infiltration, TNF expression, and ROS formation in peptic mucosa. The anti-ulcerogenic activity of the extract may add to its beneficial effect against peptic ulcer disorder.

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 Keywords

Peptic Ulcer, Annona squamosa linn, Acid Secretion, Inflammation, Mucosa

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This dissertation explores the vital role of nature in Canadian poetry through an in-depth study of the works of Al Purdy, one of Canada's most celebrated poets. Al Purdy's poetry, often hailed for its raw honesty and nationalistic tone, intricately weaves the Canadian landscape into the very fabric of his verse. This study seeks to understand how Purdy uses natural imagery, landscapes, and rural settings not merely as backdrops but as active elements shaping national identity, personal memory and poetic consciousness. The research begins with a theoretical framework rooted in ecocriticism and Canadian literary studies, situating Purdy within the broader context of Canadian nature poetry. It traces how Canada's geography--its forests, lakes, harsh winters, and remote towns--becomes a source of poetic inspiration and philosophical contemplation. Through selected poems, including "The Country North of Belleville," "Wilderness Gothic" and "Trees at the Arctic Circle," this study examines how Purdy's portrayals of nature express both awe and ambivalence. Nature is seen not just as beautiful or sublime but also as indifferent, harsh and deeply influential in shaping human experience. One key aspect of the analysis focuses on how Purdy's representations of nature reflect his complex relationship with Canadian identity. Unlike the Romantic idealization of nature, Purdy's verse often reveals a rugged realism, acknowledging the tension between humans and their environment. This tension mirrors the struggles of national definition in a postcolonial Canada, where landscape plays a central role in constructing a sense of belonging and cultural uniqueness. The dissertation further discusses Purdy's contributions to defining a distinctly Canadian voice in poetry, where nature is central to both linguistic expression and national discourse. Additionally, this work explores the intersection of personal memory and physical environment in Purdy's poetry. His use of autobiographical elements and regional specificity highlights how nature acts as a repository of memory and identity. The rural and northern settings in his poetry become metaphors for the poet's inner life and collective Canadian consciousness. The research also examines Purdy's influence on subsequent generations of poets who continue to draw from Canada's natural environment as a source of literary and ideological meaning. In conclusion, this dissertation asserts that Al Purdy's engagement with nature is not merely descriptive but deeply thematic and philosophical. His poetry challenges readers to see the Canadian landscape as a dynamic force--one that shapes, resists, and reflects the evolving identity of the nation and the individual. This study contributes to the understanding of Canadian literature by reaffirming the centrality of nature in its poetic tradition and highlighting Al Purdy's unique role in that legacy.

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 Keywords

Al Purdy, Canadian poetry, Nature, Landscape, Ecocriticism, National identity, Canadian literature, Wilderness, Rural imagery, Environmental consciousness, Memory, Postcolonialism, Realism in poetry, Autobiographical elements, Poetic voice.

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Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man is a powerful exploration of the African-American experience in 20th-century America, centered on the theme of identity and the quest for personal and collective freedom. The novel traces the journey of an unnamed African-American narrator who seeks to understand his place in a racially segregated society. Throughout the novel, the concept of freedom is portrayed as elusive, complex, and multifaceted--encompassing political, social, psychological, and existential dimensions. Ellison's protagonist confronts various ideologies and institutions that promise liberation--such as the college that promotes accommodationism, the Brotherhood that claims to fight for equality, and even the violent radicalism embodied by Ras the Exhorter. However, each system attempts to define the narrator's identity for him, restricting his individuality and silencing his voice. The paradox of freedom is exposed: systems that claim to offer liberty often impose control under the guise of order and progress. The narrator's invisibility symbolizes this repression, as society refuses to see him as a unique human being, reducing him to a stereotype or function. The novel critiques both white and Black power structures that seek to manipulate the individual. Through a series of disillusionments, the narrator gradually realizes that true freedom cannot be found in conforming to prescribed roles, ideologies, or identities. It is only when he retreats from society--into the metaphorical "underground"--that he begins to understand the need to define himself on his own terms. Invisibility becomes both a curse and a source of power; by embracing his invisibility, he begins to see beyond the illusions and false promises of freedom offered by others. Ellison presents freedom as a personal journey rooted in self-awareness and the courage to live authentically in a world that denies recognition. The novel ultimately suggests that freedom is not merely external--based on laws or rights--but internal, grounded in individual consciousness, moral responsibility, and creative expression. Ellison's use of jazz-like improvisation, symbolism, and surrealism further emphasizes the existential and cultural dimensions of freedom in the African-American tradition. This study explores how Invisible Man redefines freedom not as an absolute state, but as an ongoing process of self-discovery, resistance and resilience. By highlighting the narrator's movement from naive belief to critical awareness, the novel calls for a deeper understanding of freedom--one that transcends binaries and embraces complexity. Ellison's work remains a profound meditation on the struggles of the marginalized to claim their voice and shape their destiny in a world that renders them invisible.

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 Keywords

Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Freedom, Identity, Invisibility, African-American literature, Racism, Ideology, Existentialism, Self-discovery, The Brotherhood, Social oppression, Individualism, Marginalization, Resistance.

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This paper presents SmartForm, a unified data collection platform named X Product that integrates AI-powered forms and interactive email submissions. In contrast to traditional data collection tools like Google Forms and Typeform, SmartForm focuses on enhancing user experience, improving response rates, and providing intelligent automation for personalized interactions. The platform is architected on a serverless infrastructure using AWS services, offering scalability, security, and extensibility. With a responsive design, AMP-like embedded email capabilities, and smart analytics, X Product sets a new standard for frictionless digital data engagement across industries, including SaaS, education, and healthcare.

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amp , smart forms , typeform

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The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is a crucial component of AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) developed by ARM, designed for low-power, low-bandwidth communication with peripherals. This paper analyzes the architecture, signal interface, and data transfer mechanism of APB, focusing on its simplicity, synchronous operation, and ease of integration in System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. Unlike AHB and AXI, APB is tailored for energy-efficient communication with slower devices like UARTs, timers, and GPIOs. The research highlights APB's role in scalable, reliable peripheral connections and its impact on VLSI design, contributing to optimized embedded system performance. Low-Power, Low-Bandwidth Design - Simplicity and Ease of Integration - Peripheral Connectivity - Part of AMBA Family-Synchronous Data Transfer- Support for Scalable SoC Design.

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Low-Power, Low-Bandwidth Design - Simplicity and Ease of Integration - Peripheral Connectivity - Part of AMBA Family-Synchronous Data Transfer- Support for Scalable SoC Design.

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A Study of Aime Cesaire’s Notebook of a Return to My Native Land of Spirituality and Rituals in African-Caribbean Literature

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A Study of Aime Cesaire’s Notebook of a Return to My Native Land of Spirituality and Rituals in African-Caribbean Literature

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This research explores the impact of employer branding on employee retention. It focuses on factors such as job satisfaction, compensation and benefits, work-life balance, career growth opportunities and perceived social value, and how these impact on attracting top talent and retaining the talent. A structured questionnaire was administered to 162 randomly selected employees, and data was analyzed using SPSS with tests like Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, and Chi-square. Findings reveal that most employees are satisfied, especially with work-life balance, job satisfaction and social value. However, However, factors like as remuneration and possibilities for career advancement require improvement. Overall, employer branding plays a key role in enhancing employee retention and supporting organizational growth.

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Employer branding, Employee retention, Job satisfaction, career growth opportunities, work - life balance, Compensation and benefits.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Anita Desai, a prominent Indian English novelist, has significantly contributed to feminist discourse in Indian literature. Her novels explore the complex psychological landscapes of women, revealing their internal struggles, identity crises and quest for autonomy in a patriarchal society. Feminism in Desai's works is not overtly political but deeply personal, focusing on the lived experiences of women constrained by tradition, family expectations and societal roles. Through characters such as Maya in Cry, the Peacock, Monisha in Voices in the City and Sita in Where Shall We Go This Summer?, Desai portrays a recurring theme of existential anxiety and emotional isolation. Desai's women are often educated and introspective, yet they find themselves trapped in emotionally sterile marriages or alienated from the world around them. Her feminist perspective does not always advocate rebellion in the conventional sense but illustrates an inner resistance and a longing for self-expression. This nuanced portrayal challenges the stereotypical image of submissive Indian women and instead presents them as emotionally sensitive individuals caught between tradition and modernity. A major element in Desai's feminist writing is her exploration of silence and suppressed voices. The lack of communication in her novels symbolizes the emotional repression experienced by women in domestic spaces. The inner turmoil of her female protagonists is presented through a rich, lyrical and psychologically complex narrative style. Moreover, Desai subtly critiques the traditional institution of marriage, often portraying it as a site of emotional suffocation rather than fulfillment. Her women characters frequently struggle to negotiate personal desires with socially assigned roles, revealing the tensions at the core of their identities. Another important aspect of Desai's feminism is her emphasis on female subjectivity. Unlike mainstream feminist literature that may focus on activism or social reform, Desai's approach is introspective and literary. She delves into the minds of her characters, offering a psychological depth that reveals the profound impact of gendered expectations on the mental health and self-worth of women. In summary, Anita Desai's novels represent a significant contribution to feminist literature in India. By focusing on the inner lives of women and their silent struggles, she expands the scope of feminist discourse beyond political and economic dimensions to include the psychological and emotional realms. Her work encourages readers to acknowledge the personal as political, emphasizing that true liberation begins with self-awareness and inner transformation.

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 Keywords

Feminism, Anita Desai, Indian English Literature, Female Identity, Patriarchy, Psychological Realism, Emotional Isolation, Gender Roles, Women's Inner World, Existential Crisis, Domestic Space, Marriage and Repression, Self-Expression, Silent Resistance, Feminist Discourse.

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Time Value of Money (TVM) assessment is being temporarily distressed by the automation of calculations and the kind of accuracy brought into the TVM process by using artificial intelligence. Traditional models use static assumptions since every TVM model is static; their answers take a long time to find since they are rendered within the limits of a fixed time. In contrast, AI systems support real-time economy changes to produce more precise automated financial decisions. Indeed, this article talks about how AI automates the calculation of TVM estimates and disrupts traditional methodologies of how investments are to be made or loans to consumers might be offered. There will also be a consideration of the aspects of challenges associated with AI integration into the world of investment, such as reliability of data and regulation. As AI continues to revolutionize financial decision-making, it promises to make assessment of time value for money better, smarter, and faster.

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AI in Finance, Time Value of Money, Financial Automation, Investment Planning, Machine Learning, Financial Forecasting, Regulatory Challenges.

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 Abstract

Osteoarthritis is a result of old age. The signs are swelling, muscle wasting, deformities, crepitus, stability, movement restriction, tenderness, redness, local heat, rash etc. There is degeneration of articular cartilage and proliferation of a bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Inflammatory changes in the synovia are usually minor and secondary. Osteoarthritis is classified into two types viz. Primary (etiology is unknown) and Secondary (degenerative changes in response to systemic fac- tors). Most commonly affected joints are hip, knee, neck, lower back, end of fingers and base of thumb. Old joint injury, overweight, abnormality, mechanical stress and degeneration of cartilages are the risk factors. Management of OA aims at maintaining and improving joint functions minimizes handicap. In rural area people have to do hard and strenuous work and hence chances of occurrence of OA are also more. The present study was conducted at Rural area of Jamkhed. Total 100 patients suffering from Osteoarthritis were studied by history taking and clinical examination. People were educated and taught about lifestyle and dietary measures of self-care to improve quality of life. Incidence of OA was found since age of 50 years. Females were found more prone to OA than males. Poor quality of health was in 31% and Bad quality of health was found in 8% among total 100 patients. Very few patients were found taking Homeopathy treatment for OA. There is need of awareness among rural people about OA and role of Homoeopathy in OA.

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 Keywords

Health Quality, Osteoarthritis, Homoeopathy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition