Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Personalized medicine represents a paradigm shift in healthcare, aiming to tailor medical treatments to the unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics of each patient. Traditional treatment protocols often rely on population averages, which may not effectively address individual variability in disease progression and treatment response. Reinforcement Learning (RL), a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on sequential decision-making through interaction with an environment, has emerged as a promising approach to optimize individualized treatment strategies. RL algorithms learn optimal policies by continuously evaluating the outcomes of previous decisions and adjusting strategies to maximize long-term rewards. In healthcare, this reward can represent improved patient outcomes, reduced adverse effects, or cost-effective treatment plans. Recent research demonstrates RL's capability to design adaptive treatment regimens for complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, sepsis, and psychiatric disorders. These systems integrate data from electronic health records, wearable devices, and genomic databases to generate personalized recommendations. Despite its potential, challenges remain in areas such as data quality, model interpretability, safety, ethical considerations, and clinical adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of reinforcement learning in personalized medicine, discussing its theoretical foundations, methodologies, real-world applications, advantages, limitations, and future research directions. The study highlights how RL can transform healthcare from reactive treatment models to proactive and adaptive care systems.

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 Keywords

Personalized Medicine, Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Clinical Decision Support Systems and Precision Treatment Optimization.

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Drug-induced toxicity has emerged as a major global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, hospital admissions, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The widespread and prolonged use of commonly prescribed medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor blockers, paracetamol, and various cardiovascular drugs has been associated with serious toxic effects on vital organs. Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and gastrointestinal complications are among the most frequently reported adverse outcomes. Contemporary pharmacovigilance systems play a crucial role in identifying, assessing, and preventing such drug-related toxicities, thereby ensuring patient safety. Ayurveda, particularly through the principles of Agadtantra (Ayurvedic Toxicology), provides a comprehensive understanding of drug toxicity, its prevention, and management. Classical Ayurvedic literature emphasizes the rational use of medicines and warns against the consequences of improper administration, overdose, incompatibility, and prolonged use. Concepts such as Dushi Visha, Gara Visha, and Viruddha Ahara can be correlated with cumulative toxicity, adverse drug reactions, and chronic toxic exposures described in modern medicine. Furthermore, Ayurveda offers several detoxification and protective strategies, including Panchakarma procedures and the use of Vishaghna, Rasayana, and organ-protective herbs such as Bhumi Amalaki, Brahmi, Gokshura, and Punarnava. This review critically examines drug-induced toxicity and safety concerns from both Ayurvedic and contemporary perspectives. It explores the toxicological profile of Ayurvedic and modern drugs, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity, while highlighting the importance of standardization, quality control, and pharmacovigilance. By integrating classical Ayurvedic wisdom with modern toxicological principles, a holistic framework for the prevention, assessment, and management of drug-induced toxicity can be established, thereby enhancing therapeutic safety and improving patient outcomes.

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Agadtantra, Drug-Induced Toxicity, Drug Safety, Ayurvedic Toxicology.

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Democratic principles are foundational ideas ensuring that governance represents the will of the people and protects fundamental human rights. Citizen Participation, Citizens have the right and responsibility to participate in the political process, primarily through periodic, free, and fair elections. These core values ensure societies remain free, just, and responsive to citizens. The Rule of Law, All citizens, including government leaders and law enforcement, are equal under the law. Laws are enforced fairly and consistently. Equality & Human Rights, Democracies protect fundamental human freedoms freedom of speech, religion, and assembly and treat all individuals equally, regardless of race, gender, or background. Accountability & Transparency, Elected officials and government institutions are answerable to the public. State actions and financial decisions are conducted openly Majority Rule & Minority Rights, Decisions are generally made based on majority will, but the rights and legitimate interests of minority or opposition groups are strictly protected.

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centralized administration, parliamentary republic, District Administration, Democratic Decentralization, The rule of law, After India's independence, Hierarchical Structure.

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The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 introduced a paradigm shift in India's juvenile justice system by permitting 16-18-year-olds accused of heinous offences to be tried as adults under Section 15. This study examines whether the Act has reduced juvenile recidivism or inadvertently increased criminalization of adolescence. Using a mixed-methods approach, the paper analyzes National Crime Records Bureau data 2022-2024, Supreme Court jurisprudence, and 18 semi-structured interviews with Juvenile Justice Board members. Findings indicate that while Section 15 has been used sparingly, recidivism among juveniles remains at 45%, significantly higher than Norway's 20%. The study identifies three implementation gaps: absence of neuropsychological assessment, lack of digital rehabilitation for cyber offences, and weak aftercare under Section 19. Drawing on comparative insights from Germany and the UK, the paper argues for mandatory maturity testing, District Youth Offending Units, and a Digital Delinquency Protocol. It concludes that the 2015 Act's structure is sound but requires infrastructural and procedural modernization to meet its rehabilitative goals.

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Juvenile Justice Act 2015, Recidivism, Section 15, Adolescent Brain, Restorative Justice, India

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This study aims to examine the development of scientific literature concerning investor response to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure through a bibliometric approach. The study utilizes bibliometric analysis to identify publication trends, dominant themes, influential studies, and future research directions related to ESG disclosure and investor behavior in capital markets. Bibliographic data were collected from the Scopus database through the Publish or Perish application using the keywords "ESG disclosure," "investor response," "CSR disclosure," and "stock market" within the publication period of 2005-2026. The retrieved data were analyzed using VOSviewer software through publication trend analysis, citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and overlay visualization. The findings indicate that research concerning investor response to CSR and ESG disclosure has experienced significant growth over the last two decades, particularly after 2015. The keyword mapping analysis reveals that "disclosure" and "ESG disclosure" represent the central themes within the literature network and are strongly associated with concepts such as "market reaction," "governance," "CSR," "capital," and "cost." The overlay visualization further demonstrates a shift in research focus from traditional CSR and governance discussions toward more recent themes such as mandatory ESG disclosure, investor response, and cost of capital. Citation analysis also reveals that influential studies primarily focus on sustainability disclosure determinants, governance mechanisms, firm value, and financial market consequences. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of research concerning investor response to CSR and ESG disclosure. The findings are expected to serve as references for researchers, regulators, investors, and policymakers in understanding the growing strategic importance of ESG disclosure within global capital markets.

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ESG disclosure, CSR disclosure, investor response, sustainability reporting, capital market.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Breastfeeding is the ideal method for fulfilling the nutritional, physiological and psychological needs of infants. Correct breastfeeding technique plays an important role in ensuring adequate nutrition, preventing breast complications and promoting healthy growth and development of newborns. Many primigravida mothers have inadequate knowledge regarding proper positioning, attachment, latching and other essential breastfeeding techniques. Educational strategies such as video assisted teaching can improve maternal knowledge and promote effective breastfeeding practices. Objectives 1. To assess the pre-test knowledge of primi antenatal mothers regarding correct breastfeeding technique. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding correct breastfeeding technique among primi antenatal mothers. 3. To determine the association between knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods A quantitative evaluative research approach with one group pre-test post-test experimental design was adopted. The study was conducted among 60 primi antenatal mothers admitted in selected hospitals of Indore city. Samples were selected using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire before and after administration of the video assisted teaching programme. The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The study findings revealed that in the pre-test, majority of mothers 36 (60%) had poor knowledge, 22 (36.7%) had average knowledge and only 2 (3.3%) had good knowledge regarding breastfeeding techniques. After video assisted teaching, 30 (50%) mothers achieved good knowledge and 25 (41.7%) obtained excellent knowledge scores. The mean pre-test knowledge score was 4.75 with SD 2.61, whereas the mean post-test score increased to 12.62. The calculated paired 't' value was 28.97 at df=59, which was statistically significant at p<0.0001 level. The findings indicate that video assisted teaching was highly effective in improving knowledge regarding correct breastfeeding techniques among primi antenatal mothers. Conclusion The study concluded that video assisted teaching programme was an effective educational intervention for improving knowledge among primi antenatal mothers regarding correct breastfeeding techniques. Providing structured education during antenatal period can enhance breastfeeding practices and prevent common breastfeeding-related problems.

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Keywords: Breastfeeding technique, Video assisted teaching programme, Primi antenatal mothers, Knowledge, Maternal education

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Ayurveda, the ancient science of life, is founded upon fundamental concepts such as Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Agni, and Ama, which collectively govern health and disease. Among these, Ama occupies a central role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders and is considered one of the primary causative factors of disease. Ama is formed as a consequence of Agnimandya (impaired digestive and metabolic fire), resulting in the accumulation of incompletely digested or improperly metabolized substances within the body. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Ama as Apakva Ahara Rasa (undigested or immature nutritive essence), which possesses toxic properties and disrupts the normal functioning of Doshas, Dhatus, Malas, and Srotas. The formation of Ama may occur at different levels of metabolism, including Jatharagni, Bhutagni, and Dhatvagni. Depending on its site of origin and accumulation, Ama can lead to various pathological conditions through mechanisms such as Srotorodha (obstruction of channels), Dosha-Dushya Sammurchana, and Srotovaigunya. In Agada Tantra, when Ama acquires toxic characteristics and exhibits systemic harmful effects, it may be understood under the broader concept of Ama Visha, a condition resembling endogenous toxicity. The concepts of Sama and Nirama are of paramount clinical importance, as the diagnosis and management of diseases largely depend upon determining the presence or absence of Ama. From a contemporary perspective, Ama does not have a direct equivalent in modern medical science; however, it may be correlated with metabolic toxins, inflammatory mediators, endotoxins, free radicals, improperly metabolized substances, and other toxic by-products that accumulate due to impaired digestion, metabolism, and cellular dysfunction. Such toxic accumulations may contribute to chronic inflammation, metabolic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and various systemic diseases. This review aims to critically analyze the concept of Ama and Ama Visha from classical Ayurvedic literature and explore its contemporary relevance in the context of modern toxicology and disease pathogenesis. Understanding the role of Ama in health and disease may provide valuable insights into preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches and strengthen the bridge between Ayurvedic principles and modern biomedical sciences.

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Ama, Ama Visha, Agada Tantra, Agnimandya, Dosha.

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Abstract Background Childbirth is a unique and significant event in a woman's life. Labour pain is one of the most intense forms of pain experienced by women, especially among primigravida mothers. Non-pharmacological interventions such as slow paced breathing exercises help mothers to relax, improve oxygen supply, reduce anxiety, and enhance coping ability during labour. Aim The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of slow paced breathing exercises on pain perception during the first stage of labour among primigravida mothers. Materials and Methods A quantitative research approach with a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was adopted. The study was conducted among 60 primigravida mothers (30 experimental group and 30 control group) admitted during the first stage of labour. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Pain perception was assessed using a Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Slow paced breathing exercise was provided to the experimental group during contractions for two hours in the active phase of labour, whereas the control group received routine care. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The study findings revealed that in the experimental group after intervention, 43.33% of mothers experienced mild pain, 50% experienced moderate pain, and only 6.66% experienced severe pain. In the control group, 56.67% of mothers experienced severe pain. The mean post-test pain perception score was lower in the experimental group (Mean = 1.6, SD = 0.61) compared with the control group (Mean = 2.5, SD = 0.56). The calculated unpaired t-value was 5.92, which was higher than the table value (2.02) at 5% level of significance, indicating that slow paced breathing exercise was effective in reducing labour pain perception. No significant association was found between pre-test pain perception scores and selected demographic variables. Conclusion The study concluded that slow paced breathing exercise is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for reducing pain perception among primigravida mothers during the first stage of labour. It can be incorporated into routine maternity nursing practice to promote a positive childbirth experience.

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Keywords: Slow paced breathing, Labour pain, Pain perception, Primigravida mothers, First stage of labour, Non-pharmacological pain management

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The increasing competition in the job market has made interview preparation an essential factor for candidate success. Traditional interview preparation methods often lack real-time feedback, personalization, and scalability. This paper presents an AI-Based Interview Practice System designed to simulate real interview environments and provide intelligent feedback to users. The proposed system leverages Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to analyze user responses, evaluate communication effectiveness, and generate constructive feedback. The system enables users to practice domain-specific interview questions through an interactive web-based platform. Responses are processed using AI-driven evaluation techniques to assess relevance, clarity, correctness, and confidence. The architecture integrates a frontend interface, backend services, database support, and an AI-powered evaluation module to ensure scalability and efficiency. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system improves interview readiness, communication skills, and user confidence. Compared with conventional interview preparation approaches, the system provides a more flexible, engaging, and personalized learning experience.

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Machine Learning, Spring Boot, REST API, Web Application.

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Odisha is one of the most important programs Launch. This program focuses on the small and marginal farmers. The millet mission program plays a significant role in enhancing climate resilience for crop production. The millet mission program had low water requirements and a minimum harvest duration. The main objective of this study To examine the millet mission area coverage. farmer participation and demonstration progress in Odisha from 2017-2025. The study is based on secondary data from the millet mission program in Odisha. The data is taken from the year 2017-18 to 2024-25 for the CAGR Millet Demonstration programme, and the Total farmers in the Odisha District-wise descriptive statistics are used. To calculate the standard deviation, the Coefficient of Variance is used. The variable has been used, such as farming work in the district-wise and Millet Demonstration Progress. The Finding of the study is that participation with form 8.030 from 2017-18 to 2, 63, 990 in 2024-25. The demonstration area also expanded to 144,736,42 hectares. The CAGR values also reflect the increased positive growth in both farmer participation and Procurement.

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Millet, Farmers, Odisha

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