Volume 6 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

After India attained independence in 1947, the country faced the herculean task of political integration, with over 560 princely states scattered across the subcontinent. These states were not legally bound to join either India or Pakistan, and their future was uncertain. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, played a pivotal role in bringing about the peaceful integration of these diverse states into the Indian Union. With remarkable diplomacy, foresight, and determination, Patel used a mix of persuasion, strategic force, and legal mechanisms to unify India. This paper explores his instrumental role, the challenges faced, the strategies adopted, and the lasting impact on India's unity and sovereignty. It also assesses literature on the subject and offers findings and suggestions for contemporary nation-building efforts.

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 Keywords

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Princely States , Political Integration , Indian Union , Post-Independence India , Hyderabad , Junagadh , Kashmir , National Unity , Indian Constitution

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The concept of viscosity is commonly used to characterize a material, but it is not adequate to describe the mechanical behavior of a substance, particularly non-Newtonian fluids. several other rheological properties which relate the relations between the stress and strain rate tensors under different flow conditions, such as oscillatory shear, or extensional flow can be described the mechanical behavior of non-Newtonian fluids like Blood. Viscoelasticity is a rheological phenomenon that describes the flow properties of complex fluids like blood. Viscoelastic materials have interesting properties. They exhibit both viscous behavior as well as elasticity. The viscosity and elasticity of blood are direct indicators of how these parameters affect the ability of the blood to flow under the shear conditions imposed by the pulsatility of the circulation. The present study aims at 1.)To measure velocity of blood for different flow rates in a capillary tube, which is achieved by allowing the blood to flow in a capillary tube of different radii and 2) To measure ultrasonic velocity and absorption in blood at different frequencies. The data is presented and findings and conclusions are drawn from this data.

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viscosity, Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, Flow rate, Ultrasonic velocity, Absorption

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In an era of dynamic financial markets, understanding the relationship between financial literacy and investment behavior is essential. This study investigates the influence of financial knowledge on investment preferences among 300 individual investors in Kalaburagi district using a structured questionnaire. Employing correlation, regression analysis, and ANOVA, the study finds a strong positive relationship between financial literacy and behaviors such as diversification, risk-taking, and investment frequency. Regression results reveal financial literacy as the strongest predictor of informed investment behavior, surpassing demographic factors like income or education. ANOVA confirms significant behavioral differences among investors across literacy levels. The findings reinforce the need for targeted financial education to build a more financially empowered population.

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 Keywords

Financial literacy, investment behaviour, investor decision-making, behavioural finance

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sadhon Chattopadhyay's short story 'flesh eating horse' to see how the tale first builds and then breaks its own world. The horse, which eats human flesh is more than a frightening animal - it is a moving sign that upsets daily human life. As fear spreads, the lines between safe and dangerous, human and animal, real and imagined start to blur. The story's switching narrator, sudden jumps in time and unfinished hints deepen this feeling of confusion. The story shows that, space is never fixed. It is shaped by people's thoughts, memories and worries, and it can fall apart when a shock arrives. By showing this break-up of space, Sadhon Chattopadhyay challenges old power rules and reminds us how quickly men's thinking can change the world.

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 Keywords

Horse, Animal, Human being, Power, Space, World.

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Karnataka, one of India's most agriculturally progressive states, holds a pivotal position in the country's floriculture landscape due to its unique combination of diverse agro-climatic zones, fertile soils, and a favorable tropical monsoon climate. These natural advantages, coupled with emerging infrastructure and policy support, have enabled the state to become a leading producer and exporter of a wide array of flowers such as roses, chrysanthemums, gerberas, marigolds, tuberose, and orchids. Presently, Karnataka contributes around 14% of India's total flower production, and is recognized as a major player in both domestic and international flower markets, particularly through hubs like Bengaluru and Kolar. The climatic conditions--marked by moderate temperatures, relatively high humidity, and predictable rainfall patterns--support year-round cultivation, especially under protected environments like polyhouses and greenhouses, which have been increasingly adopted by farmers across the state. This research article aims to explore the geographic and climatic suitability of Karnataka for floriculture and examines how this sector is being strategically integrated with agriculture and the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) ecosystem. The study investigates how MSMEs are playing a catalytic role in areas such as flower processing, marketing, packaging, cold chain logistics, and export facilitation. In addition, the paper delves into key policy initiatives, success stories, and infrastructural developments that have contributed to the sector's rise, while also critically analyzing existing challenges including post-harvest losses, export taxation, inconsistent market linkages, and limited access to finance for small growers. A focused case study from Tumakuru district is presented to illustrate real-world examples of floriculture success, especially where traditional farmers have diversified into floriculture and experienced significant income growth.

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 Keywords

Karnataka, Floriculture, Agro-climatic Zones, Climate Suitability, Agriculture, MSME, Sustainable Practices, Export Potential, Horticulture Policy elaborate

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Sentiment Analysis (SA) is currently a very significant area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) owing to the constant increase in the amount of text-based online communication on social networking sites, review websites, discussion forums, and news sources. The widespread rise of web communication has thus necessitated increasingly strong systems able to extract subjectivity from text in order to capture opinions, feelings, and attitudes. This review of literature provides a comprehensive overview of the emergence and evolution of sentiment analysis methods, with a focus on three major pillars: datasets, tools and libraries, and evaluation metrics. It discusses prominent corpora used, compares performance metrics, and introduces the tools and frameworks that have enabled sentiment classification implementation. In addition, the review highlights emerging trends like the combination of deep learning and transfer learning and highlights important challenges and considerations for future work, including multilingual analysis, sarcasm detection, and model interpretability. The literature review is a detailed overview of sentiment analysis studies, highlighting datasets, tools, and evaluation metrics. The article canvases major methodologies, benchmark corpora, and relative results, and provides a snapshot overview of developments in the field over this timespan.

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 Keywords

Sentiment Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Datasets, Tools, Libraries, Evaluation Metrics, Deep Learning, Transfer Learning, Multilingual Analysis, Sarcasm Detection, Model Interpretability.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The novel's realism developed in Britain in the 19th century as a result of rising literacy and cultural awareness. Realist writing in the 17th and 18th century was limited to a small number of authors, such Afra Bhen, Daniel Defoe, Richardson, and fielding. Abrams noted in his book "A Glossary of Literary Terms (1899)" that a number of nineteenth-century novelists, such as George Eliot, William Dean, and de Balzac, adopted realism. Realists perceive things as they actually are, as opposed to romanticism, which sees life as it appears to be. Realisticism tackles human existence and experience, whereas romanticism focuses on feelings and ideas. The goal of realist writing is to establish a connection between the writer and the reader, and a skillful use of reality is all that is required. Novelists with a creative bent are those who can distinguish between literary realism and reality, and who also have superior writing techniques. The novel's realism can be evaluated based on how it continues to impact the readers. Williams (1958) introduced a novel concept in realism during the 20th century, contending those novels written in the 17th and 18th centuries, like Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Behn's Oroonoko (1688), adopted traditional techniques when applying realism, relying on sparse observations and limited records. As a result, the realistic flavor of these books fades quickly. Additionally, he says that novels created in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been treasured and preserved. This study examines how much Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2005)" adheres to Williams' (1961) idea of New Realism.

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Realism, Society, Thomas Hardy, Williams, Social Problems and discrimination

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Every poet writes poetry in a different way. The ideas and twofold aim in Robert Frost's poetry are the main theme of this article. According to his theory, poetry demonstrates the union of passion and thought. The poet's mind is infused with a blend of passion and thought. According to his theory, poetry serves two functions. It is joy and knowledge. His poem starts off joyfully and ends wisely. Robert Frost's conception addresses his whole outlook on life. According to Frost, the cosmos is nearly chaotic to us. He may discover important concepts by overcoming obstacles in the cosmos, which is a confusing place. Robert Frost shapes it into a poem. His poetry's depiction of rural life is simple to understand.

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Joy, Knowledge, realism etc.

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Bhaskara I, a brilliant mathematician and astronomer of 7th-century of ancient India. He stands as a towering figure in the history of mathematics. His profound insights and innovative contributions have left an indelible mark on the field, shaping the course of mathematical thought for centuries to come. This article delves into the life, works, and enduring legacy of this remarkable scholar. Bhaskara I. The 7th Century Indian Mathematician and Astronomer Bhaskara I, also known as Bhaskara charya or Bhaskara the First, was a brilliant Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is considered one of the most influential mathematicians of his time and a pioneer in the field of mathematics and astronomy.

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Brilliant , Innovation, Contribution, Indelible, Remarkable.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Using online resources to advertise a business and its goods or services in order to create leads, boost traffic, and boost sales is known as internet marketing. Digital marketing, often known as online marketing, disseminates ads and promotional messages via digital channels. What makes marketing so crucial? Every business must use marketing tactics to: boost sales, define goods or services, establish relationships with new partners or collaborators, acquire new clients, cultivate client loyalty, establish a brand, and use the media to expand internationally.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Online Marketing, Local Marketing, Business.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition