Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This paper explores the intersection of cybersecurity and international relations, specifically through the lens of the 2007 cyber attack on Estonia. The study investigates how the attack marked a critical point in understanding the role of threats in global politics and security.By examining the attack's causes, impacts, and responses , this paper illustrates the emerging significance of cybersecurity as a component of statecraft and international diplomacy.

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 Keywords

o Cybersecurity o Cyber Warfare o Cyber Threats o Estonia Cyberattack 2007 o International Relations o Cyber Defense o Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) o NATO Cyber Policy o Tallinn Manual o Sovereignty in Cyberspace

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper is basically consists of study of gait pattern characteristics of varying height in male and female

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Gait pattern characteristics step length step width

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Plagiarism is becoming a greater issue in academics and digital publications because it is so simple to get and reproduce content online. Traditional methods of detecting plagiarism, like manual comparison and keyword matching, are usually time-consuming and unreliable. An effective machine learning-based method for identifying plagiarism in text data is presented in this research. The system use Natural Language Processing techniques to extract features and eliminate noise from text using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency vectorisation. A Logistic Regression classifier is then trained to distinguish between content that has been plagiarised and that has not using tagged text samples. The model achieves high accuracy, demonstrating effective categorization performance. A web-based interface created with Flask is also part of the project, which makes it simple for users to upload and check content for plagiarism. With potential uses in publishing, content management systems, and educational institutions, this automated technology provides a scalable, accurate, and user-friendly approach to plagiarism detection.

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 Keywords

Plagiarism Detection, Machine Learning, TF-IDF, Support Vector Classifier, Flask Application

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In today's fast-paced world, accessing timely medical care can be challenging due to long wait times, scheduling difficulties, and a lack of proper guidance. The Doctor Appointment System addresses these issues by integrating AI and machine learning to create a more efficient and accessible healthcare experience. It ensures secure access with OTP-based authentication, preventing unauthorized logins. A machine learning-powered disease prediction model helps patients analyze symptoms and gain preliminary insights before consulting a doctor, while an AI-driven chatbot provides instant assistance, answering queries and guiding users through the appointment process. To enhance convenience, the system includes a Nearby Hospital Locator, allowing users to search for hospitals based on their city. An admin-controlled scheduling system manages appointments efficiently, enabling administrators to approve or reject requests based on doctor availability while maintaining a specialist patient limit to avoid overbooking. Additionally, a feedback system allows users to report issues and provide input for continuous improvements. By integrating secure authentication, AI-driven assistance, predictive analytics, and location-based hospital search, this system enhances accessibility, reduces waiting times, and ensures a smooth and organized appointment booking process for both patients and healthcare providers.

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 Keywords

The Doctor Appointment System, Patient Module, Doctor Module, Administrator Module, Disease Classification Algorithm, Machine Learning, RASA Chatbot, Appointment Management, Doctor Recommendation.

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This research undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the social security experiences of retired employees, encompassing a detailed examination of their demographics, social security usage, and challenges encountered. Additionally, it conducts an assessment of government-provided schemes aimed at promoting elderly welfare, alongside a comparative analysis of social security systems in less developed countries. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study seeks to identify key areas for improvement and inform policy recommendations designed to enhance the overall well-being of retired employees.

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 Keywords

retired employees, social security, elderly welfare, government initiatives, comparative analysis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Census 2011, being a nationwide enumeration of households and their characteristics, provides a comprehensive baseline understanding of the housing situation in rural India. It captures crucial data points such as the type of dwelling (pucca, semi-pucca, kutcha), the number of rooms, and the availability of basic amenities. This macro-level data highlights the extent of housing inadequacy across different regions and socio-economic groups. PMAY-G strategically leverages the detailed household-level information within the SECC 2011, a subset of the Census focused on socio-economic indicators, to pinpoint the most deprived families. The deprivation criteria outlined under PMAY-G, such as households with no shelter, living in kutcha houses with specific room limitations, households headed by single women, or those with disabled members, are directly derived from the data collected in SECC 2011. This targeted approach ensures that the benefits of the housing scheme reach those in the greatest need, promoting social equity and inclusive development. The Gram Sabha's involvement in validating the beneficiary lists generated from the SECC 2011 adds a layer of grassroots verification and ensures that local contexts and genuine needs are considered. While the Census 2011 provides the initial framework for identification, the ongoing implementation of PMAY-G and subsequent surveys may reveal evolving housing needs and demographic shifts that future census exercises will further illuminate, creating a continuous feedback loop for refining housing policies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

pradhan mantri awas yojna,gramin, rural development, housing scheme

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana (PMGAY), launched in 2016 by the Government of India, is a flagship rural housing scheme aimed at providing "Housing for All" by 2028. The target under the PMAY-G was construction of 2.95 crores pakka houses with basic amenities by march 2024, out of which almost all houses have been sanctioned and 2.69 crores houses have been completed till end of the financial year 23-24. The program is implemented under the Ministry of Rural Development and provides financial assistance of INR1.2 lakh for plains and INR1.3 lakh for difficult terrains. PMGAY focuses on social inclusion by giving preference to marginalized groups including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, and women. Beneficiaries are selected based on the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, ensuring transparency and targeting those most in need. One of the key features of the scheme is convergence with other government schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (toilets), Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connection), Saubhagya Yojana (electricity), and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme, enabling a holistic approach to rural development. By empowering rural communities with secure housing and basic amenities, PMGAY plays a critical role in reducing poverty, enhancing dignity, and promoting socio-economic upliftment. The scheme also boosts local employment and construction activities, contributing to rural economic growth. As PMGAY progresses toward its goal of "Housing for All," it continues to represent a major stride in India's mission to ensure sustainable and inclusive rural development.

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 Keywords

Housing scheme, pradhan mantri, yojna, pmay, Indra Awas Yojana, pradhan mantri awas yojana

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Social media marketing has emerged as a transformative force in the digital age, reshaping the way businesses engage with consumers. This study explores the impact of social media marketing on consumer behavior, brand awareness, and business performance. Through a review of recent literature and case studies, the research highlights how platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok provide cost-effective and interactive channels for targeted advertising, customer engagement, and brand loyalty. The findings suggest that businesses leveraging data-driven strategies and user-generated content tend to achieve higher customer retention and improved market reach. However, the study also discusses challenges such as algorithm dependency, privacy concerns, and managing negative feedback. Overall, social media marketing proves to be a vital tool for contemporary marketing, offering both opportunities and risks in an increasingly connected marketplace.

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challenges and barriers , business outcomes

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The objective of this study is to determine the elements that play an important role on consumer's buying behavior. The purpose of this research is to find out the main important factors related with the packaging effect, which are driving the success of a brand. Companies in order to create the right packaging for their products, they must understand the consumer buying process and understanding the role and the impact of packaging as a variable that can influence the purchase decision. So, by understanding what factors influence the buying behavior and what packaging elements are most important help companies making the right decisions about packaging their products. This research will identify the relationship between consumer buying process as the main variable of the study and some independent variables like packaging colour, printed information, packaging material, design of wrapper, printed information, brand image, and innovation and practicality that help consumers in their decision buying process.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Packaging, Consumer buying behavior, Marketing, Branding, Product design

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The pharmaceutical industry generates a significant amount of waste, ranging from chemical solvents to packaging materials. Effective recycling methods are essential for reducing the environmental impact and achieving sustainable production. This descriptive study aims to explore and evaluate the recycling methods widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Data was gathered through literature reviews, case studies, and industry reports to identify the most prevalent practices and innovations. The study focuses on key areas such as solvent recovery, waste-to-energy conversion, plastic and glass recycling, and management of hazardous materials. Results indicate that solvent recovery through distillation is one of the most commonly employed methods, with high efficiency in cost and waste reduction. Plastic and glass recycling initiatives are also widely adopted, particularly in packaging lines, driven by stricter environmental regulations and corporate sustainability goals. Advanced techniques, such as chemical recycling and bioremediation, are gaining traction for managing complex and hazardous pharmaceutical waste. While these methods contribute significantly to minimizing waste, challenges remain, including high initial costs, regulatory compliance, and the need for specialized infrastructure. The study concludes by recommending integrated waste management systems, cross-industry collaborations, and investment in cutting-edge recycling technologies to further enhance sustainability in the pharmaceutical sector. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, policymakers, and researchers, paving the way for more eco-friendly practices and innovation in waste recycling.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Pharmaceutical industry, recycling methods,waste management, hazardous waste, packaging recycling, environmental impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition