Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The clinically important Salmonella include Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi- A, and Salmonella paratyphi-B; which cause typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, and B fever, respectively. For this, the leaves of Enicostemma axillare were selected. The antityphoidal activity of extracts were studied using standard procedures. The antityphoid activity test performed using the agar disk diffusion method revealed that all four solvent extracts showed activity against S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A. The highest zones of inhibition were obtained from the ethanol extract of leaves with diameters of 16.00+0.57 mm and 14.16+0.44 mm at 100 mg/ml, for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare showed significant antityphoid activity which can be used as a remedy against the Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A and therefore promise to be effective antityphoidal supplement for typhoid patients. The antityphoidal activity of the leaf extracts were compared with azithromycin 17.66+0.88 mm and 19.00+0.57 mm zone of inhibition for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The present results indicate that the leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare has antityphoid potential against both typhoid pathogenic strains i.e. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of leaf extracts were determined by broth dilution method. The water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Enicostemma axillare leaf showed 12.5mg/ml MIC against both strains Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A.

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 Keywords

Antityphoid, MIC, Enicostemma axillare and Salmonella

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The article provides a comprehensive overview of cosmeceuticals, a category of skincare products that blend cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties. It delivers their definition, historical evolution, market trends, and the pivotal role of active ingredients like vitamins, peptides, and botanical extracts. The piece highlights crucial formulation techniques, regulatory considerations, and efficacy evaluation methods. Cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and personalized formulations are discussed, alongside emerging trends in cosmeceutical research. The challenges and future directions in the industry are addressed, emphasizing sustainability and green cosmeceuticals. Notable products and their impact, as well as consumer perception and marketing strategies, are explored. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of advancing delivery systems, sustainability, and personalized formulations, and calls for continued collaboration between industry and academia for future cosmeceutical innovation

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 Keywords

Historical Perspective, Formulation Techniques, Evaluation Studies, Novel Technology in Cosmeceuticals.

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In online education, student engagement in their online studies is the biggest challenge, leading to higher dropouts. Student engagement means student involvement in learning and participation in the course. An outcome-based curriculum is designed based on the framework designed by IIT Kharagpur. The outcome-based course structure was prepared and given to students before they attended the online class. The students were said to prepare for the class before attending the online class. The teaching-learning process is followed for the entire semester, and student engagement is measured from the questionnaire given to the student at the end of course completion. 109 participants filled out the feedback form during the year 2020 and 128 participated in 2021. The result shows that this teaching-learning process could increase student engagement throughout the course work. The dropout rate for the even semester of 2020 was reduced by 3.66% and similarly, the dropout rate was reduced by 25.4% in the 2021 odd semester. The performance also increased using this methodology.

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 Keywords

Active-learning, Online Education, Outcome-based education, Self-learning, Student Engagement

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Genetic diseases present a major threat to human health and have long been difficult to tackle. Fortunately, there are promising gene therapy strategies, such as siRNA, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, CRISPR/Cas9, plasmid DNA, and miRNA, which hold significant potential in biomedical applications. However, to maximize the effectiveness of these therapies, it is essential to create advanced drug delivery systems that can protect these therapeutic agents from degradation in the body and accurately target specific tissues, cells, and even organelles. In conclusion, developing efficient drug delivery vehicles is vital for progressing gene therapy and addressing genetic disorders. As one of the most significant topics of the 21st century, gene therapy offers the promise of cures for many diseases, raises ethical debates about altering human traits, and introduces a form of medical treatment that many once deemed unimaginable. However, conducting human gene therapy comes with various concerns. This review article explores the background of gene therapy, including its introduction, the nature of genetic diseases, gene function, germline gene therapy, the challenges faced, and the various approaches employed. It covers ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo gene therapies, along with the associated risks. The review addresses a wide range of topics, from the historical context and societal relevance of gene therapy to the latest advancements in the field, including research and developments in India.

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 Keywords

Gene therapy, CRISPR/Cas9, drug delivery systems, genetic disorders, ex vivo gene therapy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This Paper Explores The Role Of Alcohol In Literature And Society By Analyzing Its Portrayal In Thomas Hardy's The Mayor Of Casterbridge And Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. The Study Delves Into How Alcohol Functions As A Symbol Of Moral Decay, Social Downfall, And Individual Struggle In Both Novels. Additionally, The Paper Examines The Contemporary Context Of Alcohol Consumption In India, Addressing Its Socio-Cultural Implications, The Divide Between Traditional And Modern Values, And The Impact Of Alcoholism On Individuals And Communities. By Comparing Literary And Real-World Perspectives, The Study Aims To Highlight The Universal Themes Of Addiction, Morality, And Socio-Economic Struggles Linked To Alcohol Consumption.

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Alcohol, Symbol Of Decadence, Victorian Literature, Moral Decline, Beat Movement, Beat Generation, Contemporary India

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The need for reliable and easily scalable charging systems has become increasingly prevalent with the spiking popularity of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes the existing problems and future prospects regarding the infrastructure of charging stations. Fulfilling the consumer demand for EVs is highly dependent on the prevalence, ease of use, and effectiveness of charging stations. We highlight the role of public-private partnerships alongside the deployment of evolving charging technologies (ultra-fast chargers and wireless charging) and the integration of renewable energy sources in regards to smart grid-enabled infrastructures. Furthermore, the paper discusses issues related to grid capacity, energy distribution, optimized site selection, and the effects of electric vehicle charging stations on the provincial energy consumption rates. This paper builds proposals on the existing sustainability problems regarding infrastructure development while providing a roadmap based on research and ongoing initiatives to predict the evolution of electric vehicle charging stations. The study called for action from the government, business industries, and the general public to facilitate movement toward an electric-powered future.

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wireless charging, electrical vehicle, smart charging

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Fake Profile Detection, Machine Learning, Social Media Security, Twitter Data Analysis, Ensemble Learning.

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Neurofeedback is emerging as a transformative tool in cognitive and emotional regulation, with growing interest in its application for dream control, particularly lucid dreaming. This paper explores the intersection of neurofeedback and lucid dreaming, analyzing research from 2022 to 2025 to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, and potential therapeutic benefits. We examine the neuroscience underlying neurofeedback techniques, their role in enhancing dream control, and their applications in treating sleep-related disorders, including PTSD-induced nightmares. By synthesizing recent advancements, this study highlights the broader implications of neurofeedback in cognitive enhancement, emotional well-being, and therapeutic interventions.

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Neurofeedback, Lucid Dreaming, Brainwave Patterns, Theta Waves, Dream Control, PTSD Treatment

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 Abstract

Efficiently controlling traffic at a four-way intersection, the project "Smart Traffic Light Control and Intersection Management" uses a Raspberry Pi Model B+ as the primary processing engine. A DC motor driven by an L293D motor driver rotates a USB camera situated at the centre of the intersection; LED lights on each side serve as traffic signals. The camera records photos of every side and calculates the distance between the camera and a colour ball deliberately put on each side to indicate the traffic density. An indirect indicator of the traffic volume on that side is the distance between the camera and the ball. The system automatically assigns signal timings to optimise traffic flow based on the computed distances, hence lowering congestion and enhancing intersection management. By processing the data and changing the traffic signals in real-time, the Raspberry Pi guarantees more efficient and smoother traffic control.

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Smart Intersection Management with IoT-Enabled Traffic Control

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The "IoT-Based Wireless Controlled Smart Transportation System" combines several technologies to improve vehicle control, safety, and monitoring. Real-time information display is provided by an Arduino microcontroller interfaced with an LCD; location tracking is done using a GPS module; communication is handled by a GSM module; and a motor driver controls the DC motor. Users can wirelessly control the DC motor via NodeMCU and Adafruit, therefore enabling remote vehicle operation. A MEMS sensor detects impacts in an emergency or accident, activating a buzzer for sound alarms and sending an automatic SMS with the vehicle's GPS location via GSM. For real-time monitoring, GPS data is also uploaded. By use of IoT and wireless communication, the system offers an effective approach to enhance control and transportation safety.

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 Keywords

IOT BASED WIRELESS CONTROLLED SMART TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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