Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

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 Keywords

1. Machine learning 2. Deep learning

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Modern educational institutions increasingly rely on smart infrastructure to enhance operational efficiency, environmental control, and the academic experience. This paper presents a Smart College Automation System (SCAS), an integrated web-based and IoT-enabled platform that automates both administrative workflows and in-classroom hardware control. The system features real-time access to centralized control over classroom infrastructure including smart lights, air conditioning, Wi-Fi, smart boards, audio systems, and surveillance cameras. Developed using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, HTML and CSS the platform supports role-based access for faculty, and administrators. This paper discusses existing literature, outlines the architecture and methodologies used, evaluates the system through comparative analysis, and highlights its advantages, disadvantages, and future scope.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart College Systems, IoT, Automation, Web Application, Educational Technology, PHP, Smart Classroom, Cloud Control, Smart Classroom Control

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Intelligent Tomato Sorting Machine helps sort tomatoes accurately and efficiently, reducing human effort and improving productivity in farming and food industries. A Raspberry Pi camera captures images of tomatoes as they slide down a smooth surface. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is trained to analyse these images and classify tomatoes as ripe or unripe based only on their colour. The model is developed and trained using Google Colab which provides powerful computers for faster learning. Once trained, the model is loaded onto a Raspberry Pi, which processes images in real time. Based on the classification, the Raspberry Pi activates servomotors to push each tomato into the correct bin. The project has two main steps and the first step is Training the Model in this step we will be Collecting tomato images, training a CNN model in Google Colab and preparing it to classify tomatoes by colour and the second step is Building the Sorting System in this we will Setup a simple sliding surface and a sorting mechanism to move and separate tomatoes based on their classification. This system makes tomato sorting faster, easier, and more reliable, helping industries improve efficiency and quality control.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Tomato sorting machine, Raspberry pi camera, CNN model, Ripe and unripe tomatoes, Google colab, Raspberry pi, Real time sorting, Servo motors, Efficiency and quality control.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is crucial for the sustenance and cultural customs of indigenous populations in the Indian state of Jharkhand. In contrast, their sustainability and accessibility are gravely threatened by climate variability, which is marked by unpredictable precipitation patterns and increasing temperatures.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Climate change adaptation, local communities, non-timber forest products, Jharkhand, India, livelihoods, cultural practices

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 enacted by Government of India provides safeguards for children against sexual abuse. The Act was amended in 2019 to introduce more stringent punishment including death penalty for committing sexual crimes against children, with a view to deter the perpetrators & prevent such crimes against children. Prior to the enactment of the POCSO Act, these cases used to be tried under Indian Penal Code 1860 which did not have any specific child-friendly provisions. To bring a comprehensive legal framework to protect children below 18 years from offences of sexual abuse, the POCSO Act was enacted. Severe penalties were prescribed for the offenders and mechanisms to be followed for the investigations and prosecution of such cases were indicated. While POCSO Act has been effective since more than ten years, statistics show that child sexual abuse cases continue to increase, and most perpetrators are either known to the victim or are a trusted person. Hence, this present article focused on POCSO case data from Madhya Pradesh based on the Crime in India report from 2015 and 2022. In terms of child sexual offenses, Madhya Pradesh has consistently ranked among the top five states, making it an appropriate target for such assessment. These high incidence rates make it important to assess whether the POCSO Act has been useful in preventing these offenses as well as delivering justice for child victims. Further, this article will demonstrate the effectiveness of the POCSO Act on delivering justice to its victims through analyzing eight years of NCRB data and intends to uncover whether or not the POCSO act fulfilled its mission in Madhya Pradesh.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: POCSO, Children, Offender, Sexual abuse, Victim.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India, as much as it has experienced economic growth, remains beset with entrenched social inequalities along caste, class, gender, and religious lines. Traditional social work interventions tend to be inadequate in addressing these structural injustices, calling for radical realignment towards transformational practices. Radical social work in India is long overdue, this paper contends, on the strength of its ability to counter hegemonic power and advance social justice. It takes its cues from the philosophy and understanding of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a leading figure in India's fight against inequality and social change, to illustrate the timeliness of his writings in shaping and informing radical social work practices in the new Indian context. The essay discusses the limitations of mainstream social work, defines the major premises of radical social work, and illustrates how Ambedkar's vision of a fair and equitable society can be used as a framework for empowering oppressed communities and overcoming oppressive systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Radical social work, India, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Social justice, Caste, Marginalization, Social transformation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The long-standing competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran has affected investment flows, oil markets, and regional stability, among other facets of the political and economic landscape in the Middle East. Their conflict has equally significant economic ramifications, even though their ideological and geopolitical differences have drawn much attention. This article looks at how the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) ongoing conflicts have affected the region's trade, foreign investment, and economic activity. While Iran's economy is limited by sanctions and shifting alliances, Saudi Arabia seeks to attract foreign investors and reduce its reliance on oil through its Vision 2030 project. Their disparate strategies have created economic fault lines within the GCC, which have affected trade policy and regional collaboration. Energy markets, particularly inside OPEC, remain a struggle as both nations seek to exert control over global oil prices. Furthermore, China's expanding role as an economic mediator between the two has brought new dynamics to Gulf commerce and diplomacy. By examining these economic factors, this study sheds light on how Iran-Saudi competition goes beyond political manoeuvring to influence regional financial stability and growth possibilities. Understanding these characteristics is critical for politicians, investors, and analysts evaluating the Gulf's economic future.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Iran-Saudi rivalry, Economic diplomacy, Foreign direct investment, Global energy security, Middle East geopolitics, Trade and investment policies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Achieving error-free communication in wireless networks is challenging due to noise, interference, and fading. Channel coding techniques like Reed-Solomon (RS), Convolutional Codes, and Turbo Codes help minimize errors. Advanced coding schemes are needed to improve Bit Error Rate (BER) performance while maintaining low complexity in 6G Compared to 5G. This study analyzes BER performance in 5G and 6G using Convolutional and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, along with different carrier aggregation techniques. MATLAB simulation shows that LDPC codes significantly reduce BER compared to Convolution codes, making them ideal for 6G networks. Additionally, 6G achieves lower BER than 5G due to improved coding and carrier aggregation, ensuring better spectral efficiency and data reliability. These results highlight the importance of the LDPC coding technique and optimized carrier aggregation for better performance wireless communication.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Error-free communication, Wireless networks, Noise, interference, and fading, Channel coding techniques, Reed-Solomon (RS), Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes, Bit Error Rate (BER), Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, Carrier aggregation techniques, MATLAB simulation, Spectral efficiency, Data reliability.

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The clinically important Salmonella include Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi- A, and Salmonella paratyphi-B; which cause typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, and B fever, respectively. For this, the leaves of Enicostemma axillare were selected. The antityphoidal activity of extracts were studied using standard procedures. The antityphoid activity test performed using the agar disk diffusion method revealed that all four solvent extracts showed activity against S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A. The highest zones of inhibition were obtained from the ethanol extract of leaves with diameters of 16.00+0.57 mm and 14.16+0.44 mm at 100 mg/ml, for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare showed significant antityphoid activity which can be used as a remedy against the Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A and therefore promise to be effective antityphoidal supplement for typhoid patients. The antityphoidal activity of the leaf extracts were compared with azithromycin 17.66+0.88 mm and 19.00+0.57 mm zone of inhibition for S. typhi and S. paratyphi-A respectively. The present results indicate that the leaf extracts of Enicostemma axillare has antityphoid potential against both typhoid pathogenic strains i.e. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of leaf extracts were determined by broth dilution method. The water, ethanol and chloroform extracts of Enicostemma axillare leaf showed 12.5mg/ml MIC against both strains Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Antityphoid, MIC, Enicostemma axillare and Salmonella

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The article provides a comprehensive overview of cosmeceuticals, a category of skincare products that blend cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties. It delivers their definition, historical evolution, market trends, and the pivotal role of active ingredients like vitamins, peptides, and botanical extracts. The piece highlights crucial formulation techniques, regulatory considerations, and efficacy evaluation methods. Cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and personalized formulations are discussed, alongside emerging trends in cosmeceutical research. The challenges and future directions in the industry are addressed, emphasizing sustainability and green cosmeceuticals. Notable products and their impact, as well as consumer perception and marketing strategies, are explored. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of advancing delivery systems, sustainability, and personalized formulations, and calls for continued collaboration between industry and academia for future cosmeceutical innovation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Historical Perspective, Formulation Techniques, Evaluation Studies, Novel Technology in Cosmeceuticals.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition