Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

: Effective waste management is crucial in urban areas to prevent disease and environmental harm. India generates around 42 million tons of municipal waste annually. This automated waste segregator (AWS) system helps by classifying waste into wet, dry, and metallic categories. Using IR, capacitive, and impedance sensors, the system detects the type of waste and directs it to the appropriate bin via a servo motor mechanism. This method improves recycling and reduces pollution by enabling proper segregation at the source.

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 Keywords

AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATION

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Inhalant use poses a significant threat to the health and well- being of vulnerable youth, particularly those involved in child welfare systems. This study examines the prevalence and supplements of inhalant use among adolescents in child interest populations. Data from the public Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) and the National Survey on Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N- SSATS) reveal intimidating rates of inhalant use among child interest youth, with 12.6 reporting lifetime use. Inhalant abuse poses a significant public health concern, particularly among vulnerable populations. This study examines the prevalence, predictors, and consequences of inhalant use. Analysis of public data reveals intimidating rates of inhalant use, with 9.5 of adolescents reporting lifetime use. Although inhalant abuse is common, it's one of the most neglected and overlooked forms of substance abuse. Inhalants relate to a wide variety of substances including unpredictable solvents, aerosols, mannas, and nitrites. The mechanism of action of inhalants has not been completely defined. Several molecular targets contribute to the pharmacology, including ion- channel proteins that control neuronal excitability. These agents interact with colorful receptors and can beget changes in cell- membrane fluidity and nerve- membrane ion channels. Three main pharmacologic categories of inhalants, videlicet, unpredictable solvents and anesthetic delights, nitrous oxide, and unpredictable alkyl nitrites, have distinct pharmacologies, mechanisms of action, and toxicities.

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 Keywords

Adolescents; Child welfare; Inhalants; Peers; Substance abuse.

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With the development of science and technology, the structure of engineering system has become increasingly large and complex. In order to ensure the safety and stability of the system in operation, the reliability evaluation of complex system has become an important research field. However, previous studies on the reliability of multi-state systems did not take into account the multi-level performance sharing in the system, and it has been unable to accurately assess the reliability of such complex systems. Therefore, based on the actual engineering system, this paper proposes a multi-state system with multi-level performance sharing mechanism. On this basis, we established a system reliability evaluation model using universal generating function technique. Through numerical examples, the application of the model and analyze the influence of different parameters on system reliability are demonstrated. In addition, we also use genetic algorithm to optimize the allocation of components in the system, so as to improve the reliability of the system. Different from the previous studies on system reliability with common bus performance sharing, the system proposed in this study is more general.

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 Keywords

Airline Management System , Access-based Consumption, Sharing economy, Collaborative consumption

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The rising importance of non-state actors (NSAs) in global politics has changed the way we think about traditional state-focused views. These groups, which include multinational corporations (MNCs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), terrorist organizations, and transnational advocacy networks, have a strong impact on diplomatic talks, information battles, and resolving conflicts. NSAs participate in diplomacy through Track II negotiations, lobbying, and forming economic partnerships that influence international policies. They also use propaganda, especially through digital platforms, to gather support, share ideas, and challenge government messages. Moreover, NSAs play a role in conflicts by either causing violence or helping to mediate peace agreements. Their growing power brings both chances and challenges; they can help with humanitarian aid and global governance but can also increase instability and spread misinformation. This paper looks at how NSAs operate, offering theoretical insights and case studies to show their effects on global politics. Understanding these changing roles is important for policymakers and researchers to effectively address today's geopolitical issues. The study emphasizes the need for flexible international frameworks to handle the complex interactions between state and non-state actors in today's world.

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Non-State Actors, Global Politics, Diplomacy, Propaganda, Conflict Resolution, NGOs, MNCs

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The Bodos are an indigenous group primarily residing in the North-eastern India, particularly in the states of Assam. They have rich and vibrant history that dates back several centuries, and had played a significant role in shaping the cultural and social landscape of the region. The socio-economic conditions of Bodos before the advent of Kalicharan Brahma was mark by a mix of traditional beliefs, cultural practices and economic challenges. It was a period of dark age as the socio-cultural traditions of that time were stagnant. These conditions had impregnated social mobility of the Bodos in stagnation. Before the advent of Kalicharan Brahma, the Bodos followed traditional belief system, worshipping a variety of spirits and deities that were believed to be governed different aspects of their lives. Bodo farmer faced economic challenges and struggled to make ends meet. In terms of social structure, the Bodos were organised into tightly-knit communities governed by village councils which is maintained by traditional customs and values within the community. Under such circumstances Kalicharan Brahma wake up as a reformer to mobilise the Bodo community, raise awareness about their rights and identity and empower them to seek socio-economic, educational progress and cultural preservation. Therefore, in a bid to reform the Bodo society he adopted Hinduism through Brahmo Religion which he had initiation from Swami Narayan Paramhansa in 1905. Brahma advocated for social reform, economic empowerment and cultural revival. He sought to modernise agriculture, promote education, and eradicate social evils such as alcoholism and superstition that were prevalent among the Bodo population. Kalicharan Brahma succeeded to mobilise the bodo community, raise awareness about their rights and identity and empower them to seek socio-economic progress and cultural preservation. His reform movement paved the way for the socio-economic development of the Bodos, leading to improvement in education, healthcare and economic opportunities for the community.

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traditional belief, cultural practice, economic challenge, stagnant, social reform, education

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Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become the fundamental aspect of modern business practices by incorporating social, environmental and ethical obligations into their decision-making process. This study explores the CSR spending patterns of the top ten CSR contributing Indian companies and looks at their contributions towards sustainable development and societal welfare. The required information has been gathered from the annual reports of the relevant companies. National CSR Portal as well as the websites of the companies has been primarily used for the sector-wise allocation of the CSR funds. A table showing the total sector-wise CSR expenditure and the percentage share of each sector out of the total CSR spent have been represented with the help of a graph to determine the core areas. The findings reveal that a significant amount of CSR funds had been disbursed by the companies on two activities i.e., Education, Special Education and Vocational Skills (34.29%) and Eradicating Hunger, Poverty and Malnutrition, Healthcare, Sanitation and Safe Drinking Water (25.33%). The CSR activities where the top ten Indian companies spent the least of their CSR funds were Protection of National Heritage, Art and Culture (0.78%), Gender Equality and Women Empowerment (0.68%) and Benefit of Armed Force Veterans, War Widows/Dependants (0.45%). Companies need to change a compliance-focused approach and include CSR into their primary business strategies to make sure their efforts help communities over an extended period. Businesses can boost stakeholder trust, increase their social impact, and promote sustainable development by fostering innovation, transparency, and cooperative collaborations. This will ultimately result in a society that is more robust and equitable. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), National CSR Portal, Top Ten CSR contributing Indian companies, Core Areas of CSR. JEL Code: M14

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Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), National CSR Portal, Top Ten CSR contributing Indian companies, Core Areas of CSR.

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Puberty a significant milestone begins around age 8 and adolescence begins around age 10 to 19 years is a crucial period of physical ,emotional and congnitive growth. It is the transition from childhood to adulthood and plays a vital role in shaping future health and societal contributions .It gives challenges likely early or delayed puberty and menstrual irregularities due to altered life style. Ayurveda emphasizes a balanced regimen particularly around menarche to promote reproductive health and also provied smooth transition addressing physical and mental health.It includes proper diet (aahara),vlife style (vihara) ,menstrual hygiene ,sex education for preventing the future gynecological disorders by varipus therapeutic treatments.

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Puberty,adolescence ,rajaswala paricharya,aahara and vihara.

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Nickel chloride (NiCl?) is an environmental pollutant known for its toxicological effects on various biological systems. This study investigates the negative impact of NiCl? intake on red blood cell (RBC) count in Mus musculus. Twenty male mice were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10) receiving distilled water and a treated group (n = 10) administered NiCl? at a dose of 13.6 mg/kg body weight for 35 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experimental period to determine RBC count. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the mean RBC values between the groups. The results demonstrated a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in RBC count in the NiCl?-treated group compared to the control, indicating hematotoxicity. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to nickel chloride adversely affects erythropoiesis, potentially leading to anemia. Further studies are recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms of nickel-induced hematotoxicity and its long-term health implications.

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Keywords: Nickel chloride, hematotoxicity, red blood cells, anemia, Mus musculus, heavy metal toxicity

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Romantic orientation coincided with the growth and development of a scholarly discourse about the East in the wake of European colonial expansion. According to Edward Wadie Said, the discipline of scholarly discourse known as orientalism was invented to support the larger imperialist project of making the process of colonization more successful and lasting. It cannot be said to be true in the case of Shelley, whose agenda did not include exporting and universalizing Western culture in the East. In his visionary love of freedom, he transcended Western imperial ambitions and came to be critical of a Western mode for allowing the domination of the orient. His discourse of Orientalism was without the pretension of knowing the East to disseminate distortions about the East; it was rather a sympathetic effort at the understanding and exploration of the East which was a great and old as if not greater and older than the Western sources of knowledge and civilization and needed to be integrated with the latter.

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The Orientalism controversy, visionary integrations, ancient Indian Civilization, freedom, transcendence.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Sign Language Conversion System bridges communication gaps between hearing-impaired and speaking impaired individuals and the general population. This project uses Python with MediaPipe and machine learning to interpret sign language gestures into text, which is sent to a mobile app via ThingSpeak. Similarly, text messages sent from the mobile app are converted into sign language gestures displayed on a laptop screen, enabling effective two-way communication. The solution integrates IoT, machine learning, and real-time processing to empower accessibility and inclusivity.

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 Keywords

Enable Two-Way Communication, Detect and Interpret Sign Language Gestures into Text Using MediaPipe and Machine Learning.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition