Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Problem statement ABSTRACT An exploratory study to assess the knowledge and practices of caregivers in the prevention and management of diarrhea in a selected areas of district Fatehgarh, Sahib, Punjab Purpose of the study: The study is to assess the knowledge and practices of caregivers in the prevention and management of diarrhea. Thus, effective measure can be planned to help caregivers by providing knowledge on the prevention and management of Diarrhea. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: ?To assess the knowledge of caregivers in the prevention and management of diarrhea. ?To assess the Practices of caregivers 9in the prevention and management of diarrhea. ?To find out co-relations between knowledge and practices of caregivers in prevention and management of diarrhea. ?To associate the knowledge of caregivers regarding prevention and management of diarrhea with selected variables e.g. gender, age, residential area, religion, marital status of caregivers, educational status, type of family and monthly family income ?To associate the practices of caregivers regarding prevention and management of diarrhea with selected variables e.g. gender, age, residential area, religion, marital status of caregivers, educational status, type of family and monthly family income. Methods and Materials A descriptive evaluative approach was adopted for the present study. The research design was adopted nonexperimental in this study. The study setting was selected in rural communities of Saunti and Jalalpur Mandi Gobindgarh areas of Punjab. The sample of the study considered 100 caregivers. The tool used for data collection was self structured questions that comprises of 8 demographic variables and 22 items on Knowledge, 15 practices questions on caregivers. The technique adopted for the study was booklet method. The reliability of the tool was with 'r' =0.80. Data gathered was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired 't' test and chi square test. Results Hence it was concluded that majority of caregivers (65%) were female ,most of the caregivers (65%) were in the age group of (26-33)years, Majorities (58%) of caregivers were from rural area, maximum no of caregivers (39%) were Sikh, Based on Marital status most of the caregivers (94%) were married, majority of caregivers (39%) had senior secondary educational status, majority of caregivers (53%) belong to nuclear family, maximum number of (44%) of families had (20001-30000) monthly family income. Conclusion From the findings of the study following conclusion were drawn: 1.The difference between knowledge score was statically significant at p<0.05 level. Thus structured Questionnaire was significantly effective in raising the knowledge level of caregivers regarding prevention and management of diarrhoea. 2.There was significant effect of gender, age, residential status, religion, marital status, educational status, type of family and family monthly income regarding prevention and management of Diarrhea.

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Diarrhea

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM "A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and practice on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers in selected Hospitals of district Fatehgarh Sahib". PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study was to assess knowledge and practice on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers and to prepare and distribute guidelines to them for further increase in knowledge and to improve practice. OBJECTIVES 1.To assess the knowledge on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers. 2.To assess the practice on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers. 3.To find out the relationship between knowledge and practice on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers. 4.To assess the relationship between knowledge on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers with selected demographic variables. 5.To assess the relationship between practice of primi gravid mothers on selected aspects of postnatal care with selected demographic variables. 6.To prepare guidelines regarding aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers. METHODS The conceptual framework of the present study was based on " Health belief model" described by Rosenstock's Becker and Maiman's model (1974). A descriptive approach was adopted for the study. Through Purposive sampling technique total 120 primi gravid mothers were selected. The tool used had 3 sections. Section A: Demographic variables. Section B: Assessment of self-structured knowledge questionnaire 4 subareas on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers. Section C: Assessment of self structured practice checklist 15 statements. Data collection is followed by the analysis and interpretation of data, where collected data are analysed and interpreted in accordance with study objectives. The collected data was analyzed based on the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics i.e. Mean, mean percentage, standard deviation, Karl Pearson's Correlation coefficient and ANOVA test and ' t' test. Results of the study have been formulated by tabulation in forms of figures and graphs i.e. bar graphs. RESULTS Results were drown on the bases of findings of the study out of 120 primi gravid mothers maximum 62(51.6%) mothers had good knowledge as followed by 43(35.8%) had average knowledge and 8(6.6%) had poor knowledge score. Only 7 (5.83%) had excellent knowledge score on selected aspects of postnatal care. Out of 120 maximum number of 118 (98.3%) primi gravid mothers had satisfactory level of practice and only 2(1.6%) primi gravid mothers had unsatisfactory level of practice on selected aspects of postnatal care. This study had identified that primi gravid mother's knowledge was found statistically significant at (p <0.05) level i:e educational status, religion, area of residence and source of information but age (in years), occupational status, type of family and monthly family income (in Rs) were found statistically Non-significant at (p <0.05) level. Where as in Practice Age in years, educational status, occupational status, religion, type of family found statistically significant at (p <0.05) level but area of residence, monthly family income (in Rs) and source of information was found statistically Non- significant at (p <0.05) level. RECOMMENDATIONS: Based on the result of the study following recommendations were made:-The study can be replicated on a large sample to generalize its findings, Similar study may be replicated on large samples for wider generalization, An exploratory study can be conducted to explore knowledge and practice regarding selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers, A comparative study will be conducted to assess the knowledge and practices on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers, A study can be conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on the knowledge and practices on selected aspects of postnatal care among primi gravid mothers

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Primi gravid mothers, Postnatal care

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This study investigates the adjustment capacity of students studying in co-educational and separated schools at the higher education level in Durg district. A sample of 100 students, consisting of 50 boys and 50 girls, from 2 co-educational schools and 2 separated schools was selected using the Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling method. The Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS-SS), developed by A.K.P. Sinha and R.P. Singh (2013), was employed to assess the adjustment capacity of students. The study aims to compare the adjustment capacity of students in these two different educational settings and determine if significant differences exist based on the type of school attended and gender. Statistical treatment using the T-test was applied to analyze the data. The findings reveal a significant difference between Adjustment Capacity of Students Studying in Co-educational and Separated School at Higher Education Level. a significant difference between Adjustment Capacity of Boys Studying in Co-educational and Separated School at Higher Education Level and a significant difference between Adjustment Capacity of Girls Studying in Co-educational and Separated School at Higher Education Level.

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Adjustment Capacity, Co-educational, Separated School, Higher Education

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Plastic waste constitutes a profound and escalating threat to ecosystems, environmental integrity, and public health. In a notable study conducted within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research identified Parengyodontium album, a fungal species with the capacity to degrade polyethylene (PE) upon activation by ultraviolet (UV) radiationvl. UV exposure not only induces photochemical weakening of polymeric structures but also enhances their susceptibility to microbial degradation. Nevertheless, under controlled laboratory conditions, P. album demonstrates limited efficacy, primarily targeting surface-bound polymers and proceeding at a notably slow degradation rate. The exploration of microbially mediated plastic degradation is fraught with complexities, stemming from the heterogeneity of polymer structures, variable environmental conditions, and methodological limitations in tracking biodegradation. Conventional analytical techniques, such as gravimetric analysis and spectroscopy, often fall short in accurately tracing the assimilation of polymer-derived carbon into microbial biomass. An alternative avenue has emerged through the biological capabilities of wax worms (Galleria mellonella), which can degrade polyethylene via phenol oxidase enzymes found in their saliva. This discovery has catalyzed interest in enzyme-driven recycling strategies, highlighting their potential scalability and efficiency as viable solutions for plastic waste remediation. Despite the promise of microbial degradation, its implementation on an industrial scale remains constrained. The process is highly dependent on environmental variables, including temperature and polymer composition. Consequently, intensified research efforts are required to enhance the efficiency of biodegradation processes, evaluate their ecological ramifications, and develop robust biotechnological platforms for sustainable and effective plastic waste management.

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P. album, wax worm , poly ethylene, The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), UV, enzyme.

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DC microgrids have emerged as a promising solution in modern power systems due to their simpler structure, lower cost, higher reliability, and superior power quality compared to AC microgrids. Their control systems are also less complex, making them well-suited for integrating renewable energy sources. This project focuses on a comparative analysis of various DC microgrid topologies, structural configurations, and operational modes. As environmental concerns and energy demands grow, the integration of distributed renewable energy sources--such as solar, wind, and battery storage has become increasingly important.

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DC Microgrid, renewable energy, energy storage

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Women consist of half the population in India, so there should be nearly half of women as well in the political sector. That is why we should encourage Women as India to participate largest democracy in the world. Women's participations in Panchayati Raj System has sigificantly increased since the 73rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution in 1992. This change has bought valueable experience from civic socity into local governance, addressing issues like proverty and inequality. Despite progress women face chalanges such as proxy politics, men influence and gender based discrimination.

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Panchayati Raj, Democracy, Amendment, Political empowerment, Participation.

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This study investigates the evolving landscape of gig work in India, focusing on the well-being of platform-based workers and evaluating policy models that can effectively address their unique challenges. With the proliferation of digital labor platforms, millions of Indian workers now engage in gig work characterized by flexibility, precarity, and limited social protection. Through a comparative policy analysis, this paper explores global regulatory responses--including models from the European Union, the United States, and select Asian countries--and assesses their relevance to the Indian context. Using a mixed-methods approach comprising literature review, case studies, and primary survey data, the research identifies key dimensions of gig worker well-being: economic security, health benefits, social inclusion, and legal recognition. The study proposes a hybrid policy framework that combines platform responsibility, state-led welfare provisions, and worker collectivization to enhance the quality of work and life for gig workers in India. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, labor rights advocates, and platform companies committed to fostering equitable and sustainable gig economies.

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Gig Economy; Platform Work; Worker Well-being; Labor Policy; India; Comparative Regulation; Digital Platforms; Social Protection; Precarity; Hybrid Policy Models

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Kathaka?i, the traditional dance-drama form of Kerala contributes to the ras?nubhooti of sah?udaya-spectators through a unique combination of bh?va, r?ga, and t?la, in line with the instructions of classic texts on dance/dramaturgy such as the N??ya??stra, B?lar?bharatam, and Hastalak?a?a-d?pika. This is achieved through a blend of v?cika, ??gika, s?ttvika, and ?h?rya abhinayas (supported by t??a-me?a). A few examples of these based on the ???akkathas of Irayimman Thampi have been given. Using a variety of hand-gestures (mudras), looks (d?u??is), facial expressions (bh?vas), body-postures, and steps (kal??as), the actor invokes and develops a variety of rasas in sah?udayas (spectators). The spectators possessing the required knowledge of the sign-language of Kathaka?i, plot of the story, meaning of the verses, aesthetic sense and imagination, attain a state of tanmay?bh?va with the actor and experiences the rasas at their peak.

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Kathaka?i, ras?nubhooti, sah?udayas, rasa-elements, abhinayas, bh?vas, tanmay?bh?va

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Ayodhya Jile Mein Maadhyamik Vidyaalay Ke Vidyaarthiyon Mein Naitik Moolyon Ka Adhyayan

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Ayodhya Jile Mein Maadhyamik Vidyaalay Ke Vidyaarthiyon Mein Naitik Moolyon Ka Adhyayan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition