Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Web applications remain the most exploited entry point in modern cyber attacks, with industry reports attributing nearly one in four data breaches to vulnerabilities in web-facing software. Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) have emerged as a critical defense layer, inspecting HTTP traffic to identify and block malicious requests before they reach the application. This survey provides a comprehensive review of WAF technologies spanning signature-based, anomaly-based, and machine learning-driven detection methods. We examine the evolution of WAFs from early rule-matching systems such as Snort and ModSecurity through modern cloud-native solutions offered by AWS, Cloudflare, and Azure, and into the emerging class of AI-powered next-generation firewalls. We present a structured taxonomy of web application attacks aligned with the OWASP Top 10 (2021) and their corresponding Common Weakness Enumerations (CWEs), and we systematically compare how different WAF approaches address each category. Our analysis covers deployment architectures (reverse-proxy, embedded, cloud-based, and hybrid), real-time monitoring and alerting mechanisms, and the trade-offs among detection accuracy, latency overhead, and operational complexity. We consolidate findings from over 40 studies published between 2003 and 2025, identify seven persistent research gaps--including the shortage of public evaluation benchmarks, the opacity of commercial solutions, and the difficulty of detecting novel zero day payloads--and outline promising future directions such as federated learning for distributed WAF deployments and explainable AI for security decision-making.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Web Application Firewall, Survey, Intrusion Detection, SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting, DDoS Mitigation, Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Real-Time Monitoring, OWASP Top 10

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid growth of social media has significantly transformed modern marketing practices and consumer purchasing patterns. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter have become powerful tools for businesses to promote products and interact with consumers. This study examines the impact of social media marketing on the buying behavior of college students with special reference to Keonjhar District. The primary objective of the study is to analyse how social media influences students' awareness, preferences, and purchasing decisions. The research is based on primary data collected from college students through structured questionnaires. The study explores various factors such as online advertisements, influencer recommendations, product reviews, brand promotions, and peer opinions that affect consumer buying behavior on social media platforms. It also examines the frequency of social media usage among students and their level of trust in online marketing content. The findings indicate that social media plays a significant role in shaping the buying decisions of college students. Attractive advertisements, promotional offers, influencer marketing, and positive online reviews strongly influence students' purchasing intentions. Moreover, social media platforms provide easy access to product information, price comparisons, and user feedback, which further guide consumers in making informed decisions. The study concludes that social media marketing has become an effective and influential marketing strategy for businesses targeting young consumers. Understanding the behavior of college students in Keonjhar District can help marketers design more effective promotional strategies and improve customer engagement. The research also highlights the growing importance of digital marketing in shaping consumer behavior in the modern marketplace.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Influencer, Recommendation, Promotional, Advertising, Significant

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The work patterns in India are experiencing a great change, and co-working places are being identified as a significant alternative to the traditional office set-ups. This paper discusses the concepts of co-working spaces in India and their influence on the traditional office market. The research design that was used was a mixed-method approach that incorporated secondary data (through industry reports and research articles) and primary data from a structured survey of 79 respondents across six major cities in India (Bengaluru, Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune and Chennai). The results show that there is a clear shift in preference to co-working and hybrid work set-ups, which is mainly driven by cost savings and flexibility, as well as the acceleration of hybrid work post-COVID-19. It is worth noting that co-working's share of total office absorption reached 30% in 2024, while the gross leasing volume in the flexible workspace industry reached an all-time high of 12.4 million sq. ft. in 2024. In the meantime, big corporations and industries like BFSI and Legal still favor the use of traditional offices because of privacy, operational control, and brand image reasons. The findings affirm that co-working is not a transient trend but it is structurally redefining the Indian office market. The paper concludes with recommendations to co-working operators, conventional office developers, corporates and policymakers, and identifies directions for future research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Co-working spaces, flexible workspace, traditional office market, commercial real estate, India, hybrid work, office leasing, post-COVID-19, workspace preferences, mixedmethod research

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Monkeypox is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) that primarily affects animals but can be transmitted to humans, resulting in serious health implications. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of the disease are crucial for effective containment and treatment. Controlling the rapid transmission of the disease necessitates timely and accurate diagnosis, but the availability of traditional confirmatory tests, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), remains limited. In this challenging scenario, by leveraging advanced technology, this approach can present a valuable alternative to conventional testing methods. To address this issue, we present a novel web application developed using Python's Flask framework, employing deep learning techniques for monkeypox disease detection. In this project, we develop a novel approach for the detection of Monkeypox disease using Deep Learning, specifically leveraging the ResNet50V2 architecture. The core of our approach relies on the ResNet50V2 architecture, which has demonstrated impressive performance in medical image analysis tasks. The model was trained on the Monkeypox Skin Lesion Dataset (MSLD), consisting of 1428 images labelled as 'Monkeypox' and 1764 images labelled as 'Others,' encompassing various skin lesion types. Through rigorous training and validation, our deep learning model achieved remarkable results, with a training accuracy of 93.00% and a validation accuracy of 92.00%. The easy-to-use web application allows users to upload skin lesion images, which are then analysed by our trained model to provide rapid identification of monkeypox. By providing a consumer-level software solution, our project aims to empower individuals and healthcare practitioners with a reliable tool for early detection of monkeypox, facilitating prompt action and containment efforts. This system can play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak and enhancing global public health preparedness in the face of infectious diseases.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Linear discriminant analysis, MLP Classifier, Adaboost , ML techniques, evaluation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates. Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a simple, low-cost, and effective method for early detection of breast abnormalities. However, lack of knowledge and awareness about BSE among women remains a major barrier to early detection. Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge regarding breast self-examination among women in a selected community area. 2. To assess the attitude toward breast self-examination among women. 3. To find the association between knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables. 4. To develop an informational pamphlet regarding breast self-examination. Methods: A descriptive research design was used for the study. The study was conducted in a selected community area of Chhattisgarh. A total of 100 women were selected using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and a Likert attitude scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The findings revealed that a majority of respondents had moderate knowledge regarding breast self-examination, while some had inadequate knowledge. The attitude toward breast self-examination was found to be moderately favorable among many women. Educational status and previous exposure to health information were significantly associated with the knowledge level of the respondents. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of health education programs to improve knowledge and encourage positive attitudes toward breast self-examination. Educational pamphlets and awareness programs can help women detect breast abnormalities early and improve health outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Breast Self-Examination, Knowledge, Attitude, Breast Cancer, Women's Health, Early Detection.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Today, a new trend is observed. That is "taking private tuition". And it is increasing day by day. The present study is undertaken with the objective to study the nature of private tuition and to explore the reasons of taking private tuition. The study deals with 100 samples comprising male (25), female (25), Govt. Aided school students(25) and private school students(25) of class IX. Data tool included a questionnaire which is composed with two parts- part I( General information schedule), part- II( Nature of private tuition), .The findings revealed that Maximum students state that their private tutor's help is more beneficial than school teacher's help for their study. It is seen that the reasons of taking private tuitions are their parents want that they have a great career from their children (irrespective of boy and girls, private and Govt. aided school); large classroom so that teachers cannot give them personal attention, short time of period, tough curriculum, so they need external support; high societal competition, getting good job, getting excellent marks to get a chance in a good school tough job marketing competition; they have to do better than their friends, their desire of acquiring knowledge, aspiration of building a great career, enjoyment and engagement the time with friends in tuition. Maximum Govt. aided school students agree that they enjoy their peers company in coaching and private tutoring help them to obtain good grades in examination, private tutors make them satisfy by providing lessons, private tutors always listen to their problems, private tuition improves their results; they believe if they have one or more than one private tutor on a particular subject then they can achieve good mark.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Private tuition, Student, Secondary School, Government aided School, Private School.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956) is a significant work in British theatre after World War II. It is known for bringing social realism to the stage. This paper looks at how Osborne shows the real struggles of Britain's working and middle classes, especially through the main character, Jimmy Porter. By exploring the main ideas, characters, conversations, and setting, the paper shows how the play reflects the social conditions of Britain in the 1950s.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Social realism, post-war drama, Look Back in Anger, John Osborne, class struggle, Angry Young Men

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Traditionally, the Indian criminal justice system has functioned through an offender-centric lens, focusing heavily on retributive justice and punishment. However, a progressive shift toward a restorative framework is emerging, which recognizes the victim not just as a witness, but as a primary stakeholder entitled to rights, rehabilitation, and reparation. The introduction of Section 357A in the CrPC (now Section 396 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) marked a significant legislative milestone, establishing State-funded victim compensation schemes. Despite these advancements, the implementation of these schemes is hampered by bureaucratic delays, inadequate funding, and a lack of uniformity across states. This paper analyses the current landscape of victim compensation in India and proposes reforms to create a truly victim-centric justice system also highlights the various laws on Victim compensation scheme.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Victim compensation, Victim Compensation Scheme (VCS), Crime victim compensation, financial assistance to victims, Victim support, Section 357 CrPC (Code of Criminal Procedure), Section 357A CrPC, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 (new legal framework), Legal Services Authority (LSA) (e.g., DLSA/SLSA), Interim relief, Court-ordered compensation, Restitution, Reparation. Rehabilitation of victims, Victimology, Victims' rights, Criminal justice system, Monetary damages, Pecuniary assistance

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Aluminium 7075, Silicon Carbide, Stir Casting, Metal Matrix Composite, Hardness, Tensile

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition