Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and chronic hyperglycemia, leading to severe microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among the various pharmacological classes used for the management of T2DM, biguanides--particularly metformin--remain the cornerstone of first-line therapy due to their efficacy, safety, and cardiovascular benefits. Beyond metformin, increasing research interest has been directed toward the synthesis and development of novel biguanide derivatives with improved pharmacological profiles and reduced adverse effects. This comprehensive review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, chemical characterization, and biological evaluation of biguanide derivatives developed for the treatment of T2DM. Emphasis is placed on synthetic strategies, physicochemical and spectroscopic characterization techniques, structure-activity relationship (SAR) insights, and mechanisms of antidiabetic action. In addition, emerging biguanide-based hybrids and multifunctional derivatives are discussed, along with current challenges and future perspectives in biguanide drug development. This review aims to provide a consolidated reference for researchers engaged in medicinal chemistry and antidiabetic drug discovery.

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 Keywords

Biguanide; Metformin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Synthesis; Characterization; Antidiabetic agents

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Clinically patient presents signs and symptoms to the physician. These are a part of Samprapti. Analyzing the samprapti becomes important to decide the treatment. Same clinical presentations can be a part of different samprapti as emphasized in Ayurveda. Frozen shoulder, which is a common condition with restricted movements of shoulder joint, which occur in later stages of Adhesive Capsulitis. The typical symptoms comprise passive and active range of motion restriction, depending on the stage and severity; the condition is self-limiting, interfering with activities of daily living, work, and leisure activities. Patients presenting with shoulder joint pain and restricted movements, on analyzing the clinical condition can belong to different samprapti. Apabahuka is one such clinical condition wherein there is pain and restricted movements of the upper limb. Sopham is another clinical entity which can also be considered as a part of any kind of inflammatory responses. Two different samprapti with the same clinical presentation are analyzed here to understand the applicability of nidana panchaka in understanding the disease. Clinically patient presents signs and symptoms to the physician. These are a part of Samprapti. Analyzing the samprapti becomes important to decide the treatment. Same clinical presentations can be a part of different samprapti as emphasized in Ayurveda. Frozen shoulder, which is a common condition with restricted movements of shoulder joint, which occur in later stages of Adhesive Capsulitis. The typical symptoms comprise passive and active range of motion restriction, depending on the stage and severity; the condition is self-limiting, interfering with activities of daily living, work, and leisure activities. Patients presenting with shoulder joint pain and restricted movements, on analyzing the clinical condition can belong to different samprapti. Apabahuka is one such clinical condition wherein there is pain and restricted movements of the upper limb. Sopham is another clinical entity which can also be considered as a part of any kind of inflammatory responses. Two different samprapti with the same clinical presentation are analyzed here to understand the applicability of nidana panchaka in understanding the disease.

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Frozen shoulder, Apabahuka, Samprapthi, Nidana Panchaka

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The present research paper is entitled as a study on the effect of family environment on the academic achievement of senior secondary boys and girls. Objectives: 1) to find the effect of family environment on the academic achievement of senior secondary boys and girls. Hypotheses: 1) there is no significant effect of family environment on the academic achievement of senior secondary boys and girls. Methodology: The researcher has employed descriptive survey method in this research. Academic achievement is taken the dependent variable while family environment is the independent variable in this study. For the present study, 600 senior secondary students from District Haridwar were selected using the random sampling technique. Family Environment Scale developed by Dr. Harpreet Bhatia and Dr. N.K. Chandra was used for the collection of data. Academic achievement has been measured in terms of the percentage of the marks obtained by the students in class-10. Collected data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. Findings: Gender had a significant impact on academic achievement, with girls achieving higher than boys. A cohesive environment significantly influenced achievement, as students with high cohesion performed best. An expressive environment also had a significant positive influence, with students from highly expressive families showing the highest achievement. A conflicting environment significantly affected achievement, with students from low-conflict environments performing better. Accepted and caring environments significantly enhanced achievement, with high levels showing better performance. Independent environments significantly influenced achievement, where low independence showed higher overall achievement. Active recreational-oriented, organized, and controlled environments all significantly influenced academic achievement, with high levels leading to better performance. Overall, family environment significantly influenced academic achievement, with students from good family environments performing best.

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Family Environment, Academic Achievement, Senior Secondary Boys and Girls.

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A Neuro fuzzy method for resolving Multi-level linear programming issues is presented in this work. This method typically solves a multilevel programming problem in fewer rounds without making the underlying difficulties more complex. The suggested method is compared with a number of methods in the literature using numerical examples in next paper.

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Computers, Multilevel linear and non linear , artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, and neuro-fuzzy logic, multilayer, input output

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Healthcare businesses globally encounter escalating issues associated with personnel shortages, excessive workloads, and rising burnout among healthcare practitioners. These problems are especially significant in inpatient departments (IPDs), where ongoing monitoring and coordinated care are vital for patient safety. This initial study investigates workforce management strategies, burnout rates, and their perceived effects on patient safety within the inpatient departments of a multispecialty hospital. A descriptive research method was employed utilizing primary data gathered via a structured questionnaire from 300 inpatient department personnel. Percentage analysis was utilized to interpret the data. The initial data suggest that workload pressure, personnel shortages, and shift scheduling challenges substantially contribute to stress and burnout among healthcare professionals. Participants also saw a significant correlation between burnout and diminished patient safety. The study indicates that effective workforce management techniques, including optimal staffing, equitable shift scheduling, supportive work environments, and employee wellness initiatives, are crucial for mitigating burnout and improving patient safety.

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Managing the workforce, dealing with burnout, the inpatient department, patient safety, and healthcare staff.

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The socio-ecological and physical functions of public parks in urban areas are multifaceted and crucial to the livability of cities. The study assessed three public parks in Pune, based on a holistic evaluation framework covering eight key areas: Access and Linkages; Design and Site Plan; Environmental and Ecological Aspects; Social and Leisure Elements; Safety and Security; Maintenance and Administration; Financial and Cultural Relevance; and Inclusivity. A number of parameters and indicators were used in each category such as Entry Points, Connectivity, Inclusivity, Spatial Organization, Wayfinding, Biodiversity, Green Cover, Water Management, Community Participation, Lighting, Surveillance, Cleanliness, Infrastructure, Property Value, Local Economy Boost, Accessibility for All, etc. Visual research methodology along with spatial analysis and documentation was done to evaluate the parks. The comparative analysis technique facilitated the ascertainment of best practices. The study suggests that a holistic evaluation of public parks using multidimensional measures can be of practical help to city officials, planners and community residents. These types of analyses can contribute to better decision-making in the prioritization of investment, enhancement of park performance, promotion of equitable, sustainable and vibrant urban green spaces in the fast-growing urban scenario.

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public parks, spatial, urban

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Human beings are the most vital assets of any organization, and their effective management is essential for productivity and profitability. This study investigates the processes of manpower optimization and rightsizing within the steel industry, focusing on the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS). It evaluates the organizational objectives behind these schemes, the factors influencing employee decisions to separate early, and the current status of their rehabilitation.

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Manpower optimization, Early separation, Rehabilitation, Effectiveness, Employment Programme, Getting them, Preparing them, Activating them and Keeping them

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Economic reform of most of the developing economies, particularly following the late twentieth century, involves trade liberalization on a large scale. Nations have attempted to stimulate economic growth, enhance exports and stimulate foreign investment by lowering tariffs, removing trade barriers and integrating into the global market. However, even though trade openness has contributed to the growth of the economy, its role in distributing incomes remains a controversial debate. Among the emerging economies, there have been rising cases of economic growth with the rising income inequality posing a question of whether globalization gains are equally shared with society.

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Economics and Trade

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Digital governance has emerged as a transformative force in India's public administration, reshaping the relationship between the state and citizens through technology-driven service delivery. Over the last two decades, India has adopted several digital initiatives such as the Digital India programme, Aadhaar-based digital identity, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and digital platforms for welfare distribution. These initiatives have significantly improved the transparency, efficiency, and accessibility of government services. However, challenges such as the digital divide, cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns, and institutional capacity constraints continue to hinder the full potential of digital governance. This article examines the evolution of digital governance in India, analyzes its current landscape and major initiatives, identifies key challenges, and explores prospects in the context of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and digital public infrastructure. The study highlights that while digital governance has transformed public service delivery, its success in the future will depend on inclusive digital infrastructure, robust data protection frameworks, and improved digital literacy among citizens and government officials.

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Digital Governance, DBT, Digital India, Digital Public Infrastructure, NeGP

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This study assesses the hydrochemical characteristics and irrigation suitability of groundwater in Akola Tehsil, Maharashtra. A total of 20 groundwater samples were analyzed for 19 physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical methods. Hydrogeochemical tools such as Piper and Gibbs diagrams were used to interpret water types and geochemical processes, while Wilcox and USSL diagrams evaluated the water's suitability for irrigation. Most samples fall within the "good to permissible" range, with a few showing elevated salinity and sodium hazards. The results highlight the influence of rock-water interaction and agricultural activities on groundwater quality, providing a basis for sustainable irrigation planning in the region.

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 Keywords

Groundwater Irrigation suitability, hydrogeochemistry.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition