Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of geographically distributed, self-governing sensors that collect information about the network's environment. While biomedical sensors are effective and secure in their data collection and prevent potentially dangerous user actions within the network, it is still difficult to identify attacks from regular sensor nodes. Data requests and responses must be validated as part of authentication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Authentication is therefore the most crucial security measure. The Internet of Things requires lightweight authentication solutions for low-resource sensor nodes to operate effectively. Three factors were used in the development of a novel authentication system to achieve these objectives. As per the study's findings, the proposed system outperforms all previous comparable protocols, which makes it ideal for applications that use the WSN. Its efficiency can be measured by examining the transmission and computation expenses. This makes it possible for authorized users to access real-time sensing data from WSN sensor nodes after registering for the service. Before granting access to the network, WSN sensor and gateway nodes must verify a user. Among these are their mobility, scalability, dependability, and power efficiency. Performance can be energy efficient. It is unable to account for noise and increased traffic. They employ energy-efficient performance, protocols, modulation techniques, and algorithms. The cross-layer design of the wireless sensor network was covered in this survey. The network life time and throughput are being improved by further implementing the new low power MAC technology and dynamic node traffic analysis.

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 Keywords

Keywords: - Block chain, WSN, Cluster Protocol, Data Aggregation Authentication.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Blind AI Assistant is an intelligent assistive system designed to support visually impaired individuals in performing daily activities independently and safely. Visually challenged users often face difficulties in navigation, object identification, reading printed materials, and interacting with digital content. This project integrates Artificial Intelligence technologies such as Computer Vision, Speech Recognition, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), and Text-to-Speech (TTS) to provide real-time assistance through voice feedback. The system enables object detection, environment description, text reading, and voice-controlled interaction. A unique feature of this project is the volume button multi-press control mechanism, which allows users to switch between Navigation Mode, Assistant Mode, and Reading Mode without relying on touch screens. The proposed solution is cost-effective, portable, and designed to function on smartphones or embedded systems like Raspberry Pi. The system aims to enhance independence, confidence, and safety for visually impaired individuals. Index Terms - Blind AI Assistant, Computer Vision, Object Detection, OCR, Text-to-Speech, Voice Assistant, Assistive Technology, Navigation System, Artificial Intelligence.

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 Keywords

Blind AI Assistant. Artificial Intelligence , Computer Vision, Object Detection, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) , Text-to-Speech (TTS) ,Speech Recognition, Voice Assistant ,Assistive Technology, Navigation System , Emergency Alert System , Smartphone-based AI Application Accessibility Technology , Visually Impaired Assistance.

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Mahajanapadas and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism: Republics, philosophical reforms and early state formations

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Mahajanapadas and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism: Republics, philosophical reforms and early state formations

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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CampusConnect is an innovative AI-powered chatbot system designed to enhance the accessibility and efficiency of college information retrieval for students and visitors. The system integrates Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technology with natural language processing to provide accurate, context-aware, and document-based responses to user queries. It assists users in obtaining information related to admissions, courses, examinations, campus facilities, departmental details, and institutional policies through an interactive conversational interface. By combining vector embeddings, semantic search, and large language models, CampusConnect retrieves relevant information from official institutional documents and generates reliable answers grounded in authentic data. Unlike traditional static websites or basic rule-based chatbots, this system ensures higher accuracy and reduces the risk of misinformation. The platform is designed to be user-friendly, scalable, and accessible through web or hardware kiosk interfaces. It reduces administrative workload, provides 24/7 automated support, and improves the overall student experience. This AI-based solution aims to deliver a cost-effective, intelligent, and efficient information retrieval system tailored specifically for educational institutions.

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 Keywords

CampusConnect, Artificial Intelligence, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), AI Chatbot, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Information Retrieval, Large Language Models (LLM), Vector Database, Educational Chatbot, Student Information System.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In Ayurveda, a woman's life span is divided into different stages, among which Vriddhavastha corresponds to the geriatric age group. This stage is comparable to menopause i.e, Rajonivrutti, during which Vata dosha becomes predominant. Due to this dominance of Vata, there is an increased susceptibility to Vataja disorders such as rukshata of the yoni, leading to symptoms like vaginal dryness, discomfort, itching -yoni kandu, dyspareunia, burning sensation- yoni daha and recurrent vaginitis. Yoni shaithilya which is commonly encountered condition which may result in urinary complaints like stress and urge incontinence which further contribute to increased frequency of micturition and recurrent urinary tract infections, with advancing age there will be weakening of supports of pelvic organs which increases the risk of genital organ prolapse. There are various therapeutic approaches to manage these gynecological disorders in Ayurveda, one among them is Sthanika Chikitsa i.e, local therapeutic measures such as Yoni dhavana, Yoni pichu, Yoni dhoopana, Yoni lepana, and Yoni purana which can be employed both as preventive and curative modalities in these gynecological disorders in menopausal women. It helps in relieving discomfort caused by rukshata and manages conditions like mahayoni associated with yoni shaithilya. Each type of sthanika chikitsa has its own clinical significance and demonstrates better outcomes like, it improves local circulation, enhances tissue nourishment, maintains vaginal health, alleviates symptoms like dryness, burning sensation, dyspareunia and recurrent infections. The use of medicated oils and gh?itas possessing snigdha, vatahara, rasayana, and balya properties supports tissue rejuvenation and slows degenerative changes. Sthanika chikitsa administered with appropriate indications, strict aseptic precautions, and due care when combined with shamana and rasayana therapies, offers a holistic, safe, cost-effective and beneficial in disease management in Menopausal women, thus it plays a crucial supportive role in improving physical comfort, psychological well-being and overall quality of life in postmenopausal women.

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Rajonivrutti, Post Menopausal women, Sthanika Chikitsa, Quality of life

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E-retail and digital payment systems have become an important part of the Indian economy. In recent years, more people have started using online platforms to buy products and make payments. This study examines the growth, opportunities, and challenges of e-retail and digital payments in India using secondary data from reports, government publications, and industry sources. The analysis shows that increased internet use, smartphone adoption, and digital payment platforms have supported the expansion of online retail. Systems developed under institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India and the National Payments Corporation of India have also helped strengthen the digital payment ecosystem. The study finds that e-retail is expanding beyond large cities and reaching smaller towns and new customer groups. At the same time, issues such as cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns, digital literacy gaps, and infrastructure limitations still affect growth. Overall, the results suggest that e-retail and digital payments will continue to develop in India, supported by technology, policy initiatives, and changing consumer behaviour.

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E-Retail, Digital Payments, UPI, Online Shopping, FinTech, Digital Economy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT Self-awareness and self-esteem are fundamental psychological constructs that significantly influence personal growth and transformation. This paper explores how self-awareness fosters an accurate understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, values, and behaviors, while self-esteem reflects one's overall evaluation of self-worth. Through review of empirical studies and theoretical perspectives, this research demonstrates that a dynamic interplay between self-awareness and self-esteem facilitates adaptive functioning, resilience, and purposeful life choices. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering these constructs through educational interventions, counseling practices, and organizational development programs to support individual transformation.

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KEYWORDS: Self-Awareness, Self-Esteem, Personal Growth, Transformation, Psychological Development

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Education should change according to the needs and demands of society. Access to education, Preparation to implement NEP, learning through online portals is a new issues in higher education . Internationalisation of education, free movements of students and teachers are the issues which needs to be addressed. This paper identifies Crisis and challenges of Higher education in India after COVID19 and tries to find out ways to overcome these challenges. Pandemic has created a need for technology .Technology based teaching and learning has created multiple challenges after pandemic. Teaching, research and Extension form the basis of Indian higher education . During Pandemic teaching, learning had become the major issue. Face to face interaction with students was replaced by virtual class. Adoption of new technology in the learning process has brought up the issues of access ,acceptance of technology. After pandemic adoption of technology in teaching ,learning and evaluation is gaining importance. It also examines acceptance of technology and social factors in Higher education.

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Post pandemic, Teaching and learning, Challenges

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The selected autobiographies titled I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Gather Together in My Name unravels Maya Angelou's own life experiences in the broader context of the black community. While these narratives bring to the fore various challenges and struggles experienced by her people, it also opens up the scope of dialogue and change as evident in her own share of literary work combined with socio-political activism. Angelou assumes a critical position while discussing the shaping events in her life and presents an insider's view while bringing her people into the context. Thus, she also highlights the aspects of how black lives uphold resistance, resilience, pride and adaptability through their share of difficulties. The present paper aims to study the aspects of social and individual identity with regard to the black individual and community in order to locate Angelou's position within the same. It also examines black struggles, as represented in the select autobiographical texts against various systemic social inequalities prevalent in the American society. Further, it analyses the role of family in shaping Angelou's individuality, perspectives and convictions while also highlighting the impact of social inequalities on the quality of black experience and life.

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Angelou's Experiences, Struggles, Social Inequalities, Role of Family, Convictions and Change

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There is no denying the fact that Dalit literature, in recent years, has been gaining importance in the global academic discourse. The range of scholarly journals, the kind of research which has been carried out by the academicians, the wide-spanning publication houses, and the level of academic discussions through seminars and conferences on this topic, in recent years, are the case in point. It is also true that, until recently, unlike the other genres of Dalit literature, Dalit drama has played a somewhat subdued role in creating awareness among the masses against the atrocities of caste discrimination. Dalit dramas, hence, have remained a less discussed topic in Dalit studies than their other counterparts like novels, short stories and poetry. The primary aim of this paper, therefore, would be to highlight the role of Dalit drama in creating a space in this growing Dalit literary discourse. The other end of this paper is to investigate how far Dalit drama has become a potential mode of resistance against the injustices of caste atrocities meted out to the Dalits by the caste-Hindus for a long period of time. The paper also tries to shed light on the rich body of Dalit drama exist in many regional languages, which need global attention through translation. My study, through analytical mode, however, for certain reasons, would focus on some of the Dalit dramas across India which are translated into English. .

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 Keywords

resistance, discourse, Dalit literature, discrimination, translation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition