Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Liver cirrhosis, conceptualized in the Unani System of Medicine (USM) as Talazzuz al-Kabid or Segar-e-Jigar, represents a catastrophic structural transformation and shrinkage of the liver parenchyma. This narrative review provides an exhaustive synthesis of classical Unani perspectives, tracing the evolution of hepatic pathology from the Greek foundational period to the refined clinical observations of the 19th-century Indian subcontinent. The pathogenesis is critically analyzed through the framework of humoral imbalance (Su-e-Mizaj), specifically the pathological dominance of Sauda (black bile) and chronic Sudad (obstructions) within the hepatic vasculature. This manuscript integrates the therapeutic principles of Tanqiya (evacuation) and Taqwiyat (tonification), utilizing potent deobstruent (Muftta-eh-Sudad) and hepatotonic (Muqawwi-e-Jigar) drugs. A systematic comparison with modern pathophysiology, specifically fibrosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular failure, reveals a sophisticated alignment between traditional humoral theory and modern histological transformations. Furthermore, recent clinical evidence documenting the efficacy of complex polyherbal decoctions and distillates (Araqiyat) in improving Fibroscan-measured liver stiffness and biochemical parameters is synthesized. The review underscores the conceptual depth of Unani medicine in managing end-stage liver disease and advocates for a multi-dimensional integrative approach to combat the global burden of hepatic cirrhosis.

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Unani Medicine, Talazzuz al-Kabid, Liver Cirrhosis, Segar-e-Jigar, Humoral Theory.

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This paper examines Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide (2004) as a significant work of eco-literature that foregrounds the intricate relationship between human life, non-human species and fragile ecosystems. Set in the Sundarbans, one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in the world, the novel portrays nature not as a passive backdrop but as a dynamic, unpredictable force that shapes human existence. Drawing on ecocritical theory, this study explores how Ghosh interrogates anthropocentrism, environmental ethics and the politics of conservation. The novel highlights the tensions between scientific conservation, indigenous ecological knowledge and the survival needs of marginalized communities. By weaving together narratives of displacement, human-animal conflict and environmental vulnerability, The Hungry Tide challenges dominant environmental discourses that often exclude subaltern voices. The paper argues that Ghosh expands the scope of eco-literature by situating ecological concerns within postcolonial realities, revealing how environmental preservation can become a tool of power and exclusion. Through its emphasis on coexistence rather than domination, the novel calls for an inclusive ecological consciousness that recognizes both human and non-human agency. In the context of contemporary climate crises and ecological displacement, The Hungry Tide emerges as a vital literary intervention that redefines environmental responsibility and ethical engagement with nature.

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Eco-literature, Ecocriticism, Environmental Ethics, Sundarbans and Postcolonial Ecology.

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This study examined whether derivatives markets in India quantify the uncertainty embedded in corporate environmental targets and whether target credibility attenuates option-implied downside risk. Using firm-level events derived from standardised sustainability disclosures under the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) framework, third-party target validation records from the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), and climate-policy milestones including India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) and notified greenhouse gas emissions-intensity target rules, the study tested how option-implied volatility, volatility skew, and related risk-neutral tail measures responded to the introduction and revision of corporate emissions targets. A panel of listed Indian firms with actively traded derivatives was assembled, target characteristics were merged with daily contract-level options and futures data from the National Stock Exchange (NSE), and event-study and staggered-adoption difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators robust to heterogeneous treatment effects were applied. Endogeneity was addressed using quasi-exogenous credibility shocks induced by phased BRSR Core assurance requirements and, where feasible, instrumental variables exploiting policy-driven variation in climate compliance exposure. Credible targets were found to reduce implied volatility skew and variance risk premia, consistent with markets updating downward the probability of severe downside transition shocks. The paper contributes to climate finance by providing an India-specific framework connecting mandatory sustainability reporting with forward-looking derivative prices, and offers regulatory implications for disclosure standardisation, assurance design, and carbon-market architecture.

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Keywords: Corporate environmental targets, implied volatility, volatility skew, variance risk premium, climate transition risk, BRSR, BRSR Core assurance, India, event study, staggered DiD.

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Climate-related litigation has increasingly emerged as a powerful tool for advancing environmental accountability and influencing policy reform in India. This study traces the evolution of climate litigation within the Indian legal framework, charting its shift from traditional environmental public interest petitions to cases that directly address climate change concerns. It analyses key judicial pronouncements, including the landmark M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India, in which the Supreme Court recognised a constitutional right to be protected against the adverse effects of climate change, as well as the continuing proceedings in Ridhima Pandey v. Union of India, where governmental inaction on climate issues has been challenged. Through a detailed review of case law, statutory frameworks, and emerging judicial trends, the study demonstrates how Indian courts have progressively expanded constitutional protections to address climate-related harm, while remaining attentive to the country's developmental imperatives. It further considers the persistent challenges of implementation, the tension between economic growth and environmental preservation, and the likely trajectory of climate litigation in the world's largest democracy. Overall, the analysis underscores that judicial intervention particularly through public interest litigation has become a central avenue for pursuing climate justice in India, transforming abstract constitutional guarantees into enforceable environmental duties.

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Climate Change Litigation Environmental Jurisprudence in India Public Interest Litigation (PIL) Constitutional Environmentalism Article 21 and Right to Life Sustainable Development Intergenerational Equity Precautionary Principle Polluter Pays Principle Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) National Green Tribunal (NGT) Judicial Activism Climate Governance Paris Agreement Environmental Justice Carbon Emissions Regulation Biodiversity Protection Climate Adaptation and Mitigation

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The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in oncology with the emergence of nanomedicine as a transformative platform for precision cancer therapy. Conventional treatment modalities--including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy--are frequently constrained by systemic toxicity, suboptimal tumor accumulation, and therapeutic resistance. Engineered nanoplatforms, spanning lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and biomimetic systems, offer unprecedented control over drug biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and intracellular trafficking. By leveraging physicochemical tunability and multifunctional design, these systems enable spatiotemporally regulated therapeutic delivery through both passive targeting mechanisms, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and active ligand-mediated cellular recognition. Recent advances have expanded nanomedicine beyond single-agent delivery toward programmable, stimuli-responsive constructs capable of integrating chemotherapy, gene modulation, immunotherapy, and phototherapies within unified platforms. Biomimetic strategies--including membrane cloaking and exosome-inspired carriers--further enhance immune evasion and tumor selectivity. Concurrently, rational control of particle size, surface chemistry, and architecture has improved tumor penetration, minimized off-target sequestration, and enabled synergistic multimodal interventions against heterogeneous and metastatic disease. Despite these advances, translational hurdles persist, including variable tumor microenvironment responses, complex host-nanoparticle interactions, large-scale manufacturing constraints, and regulatory challenges surrounding safety and long-term biodistribution. The convergence of nanotechnology with systems biology, immune engineering, and artificial intelligence-guided formulation design is poised to accelerate clinical translation. Collectively, emerging nanomedicine strategies redefine the therapeutic landscape of oncology by enabling programmable, multimodal, and patient-adapted interventions, moving cancer treatment closer toward truly precision-driven care.

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Targeted Nanomedicine, Cancer Drug Delivery, Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles, Tumor Microenvironment Targeting, Multimodal Cancer Therapy

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This paper examines the trajectory of poverty and inequality in Karnataka in the post-2020 period, focusing on the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the nature of the subsequent recovery. Despite Karnataka's strong pre-pandemic growth driven by the services sector, particularly information technology, significant intra-state and social disparities persisted. The pandemic disrupted labour markets, household incomes, education, and access to healthcare, disproportionately affecting informal workers, women, migrant labourers, and economically weaker districts. Drawing on secondary data from national surveys and state reports, the study assesses income poverty, multidimensional poverty, vulnerability, and inequality using indicators such as consumption trends, labour market outcomes, and regional disparities. The findings suggest a temporary rise in income poverty during 2020-2021 and a K-shaped recovery that widened income and regional inequalities. Northern districts continued to exhibit higher deprivation levels compared to southern regions, while digital exclusion and gender disparities intensified structural inequalities. Although central and state government interventions mitigated extreme hardship through food security measures, employment programs, and fiscal support, recovery has been uneven and distributionally skewed. The paper argues that sustained inclusive growth in Karnataka requires targeted regional investment, labour market formalization, gender-responsive policies, digital infrastructure expansion, and strengthened social protection systems. Economic resilience alone is insufficient without deliberate efforts to address structural inequalities.

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Poverty, Inequality, Karnataka, COVID-19, Multidimensional Poverty, Regional Disparities, Labour Market, Digital Divide , Gender Inequality, Inclusive Growth ,

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This research examines the ethical implications of human-artificial intelligence (AI) romantic relationships in a comparative study of Rose Clarke's The Mad Scientist's Daughter (2017) and Tanith Lee's The Silver Metal Lover (1981). Situating itself within the current discourses of posthumanism, affect theory, feminist technology studies, and ethics of care, this research explores how these texts reimagine love, agency, and ethics of responsibility in the context of human-AI relationships. As AI is increasingly entering the social and emotional spaces of the contemporary world, the literary representation of human-AI relationships becomes a critical site for examining the ethics of attachment.

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Human-AI Companionship; Romantic Ethics; Posthumanism; Affect Theory; Feminist Technology Studies; Ethics of Care; Speculative Fiction; Artificial Intelligence and Intimacy.

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Technological innovation has fundamentally redefined the delivery of financial services in India, placing the mobile device at the centre of the modern banking experience. The synergy between rising digital literacy, smartphone penetration, and a robust regulatory environment has accelerated the decline of traditional banking methods in Favor of automated, AI-enhanced platforms. This evolution allows for a borderless banking experience, catering to the demand for instant service. However, this transition is not uniform; while it represents a leap in operational efficiency for many, it also presents challenges in adoption for those accustomed to traditional banking interactions. This paper examines the factors influencing the transition toward mobile banking platforms among Generation Z residents in Ernakulam City, Kerala. As the first demographic to achieve maturity in a fully digitized economy, Generation Z--defined as individuals born between 1997 and 2012--exhibits financial behaviours fundamentally different from their predecessors. This cohort has matured in a global environment dominated by pervasive technology and internet connectivity. These age category people have a more accessible usage of smartphones, social media, and other digital platform aids from a young age. This study investigates how this cohort's inherent technological fluency shapes their expectations and interactions with modern banking institutions. The primary objective of this study is to identify the core motivations and systemic obstacles that dictate digital financial engagement in Ernakulam's urban environment. The research adopts a structured methodology, gathering qualitative and quantitative insights from a diverse participant pool consisting of students, young professionals, and entrepreneurs.

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Keywords: Mobile Banking Adoption, Generation Z (Gen Z), Digital Nativity, Consumer Behaviour, FinTech (Financial Technology), Digital Transformation, User Experience (UX).

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The brahmins who migrated and settled in southern regions of peninsular India had made an exerting influence and molded the society in a way to maintain their supreme power and authority. They introduced new policies to safeguard their supreme position. Introduction of caste and the jenmi system had a negative impact in the society. Namboodiris were the men of letters and masters of literature and produced many literary masterpieces. They contributed in the field of astrology and astronomy greatly. They sanskritised the religious worship and performances in Kerala. They also contributed greatly for the development of ayurveda or the Indian system of medicine also. They cast their influence in all fields of society with their unique cultural heritage.

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Caste System, Jenmy System, Marumakkathayam, Bhakti Cult, Philosophy and Literature.

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Abstract: One of the most painful events in Indian history has been the Partition of India in 1947. Historians and authors have sought to reflect the profound trauma, impact on human values and its enduring consequences in various literary writings , capturing the human tragedy of unforeseen violence, loss of human identity, displacement and loss of domestic identity, trauma of sexual violence faced by women and just the unmeasurable extent of violence that was experienced by people impacted by this tragedy. The literature available captures not merely the facts and numbers but also the emotional personal experiences of people who experienced the tragedy. One literary piece that really captures the pain and tragedy of partition is the "Train to Pakistan" written by Khushwant Singh. Published in 1956, this is a very powerful rendition of the impact of partition and the tragedy that followed the partition, while at the same time, sharing a message of hope that amidst all this, humanity is still alive and it wins in the end. Victory of good over evil. The story is based in a fictional town of Mano Majra along the border of India and Pakistan, a village like any other where people from all communities lived peacefully and in harmony with each other. However, on a fateful day during the partition period, this peace was shattered when a train arrived in the village from Pakistan carrying bodies of slain Hindu and Sikh who were fleeing from current Pakistan to India. The troublemaker (Hukum Chand) strokes communal tension and lights up the fire of conflict in the erstwhile peaceful village, but hope still prevails when Juggut Singh, against all odds, helps Muslims fleeing from the village to reach current Pakistan, safely. The story is written beautifully capturing the impact of politics on human life and how human beings react to an event that they did not create, both tragic and hopeful. Another powerful literature reflecting the human angle of the impact of the struggles of partition is the "A Bend in the Ganges" by Manohar Malgonkar, written in 1964. This story spans a period from the civil disobedience movement to the time of partition in 1947, and weaves through various twists and turns in the lives of its two characters - Gian Talwar and Debi Dayal. These are two revolutionaries, jailed in Andamans, however, while Debi is depicted as a revolutionary who is willing to go to every extent including using violent means to fight the British, Gian is a staunch Gandhian, believing in the principles of non-violence. As the story unfolds it weaves through the trials and turbulations in the relationship between the two characters and how it tests their friendship, as both seek to achieve a common goal while treading different paths, very vividly taking us through the minds of people impacted by the tragedy of partition and the harsh realities of life Literary phrases such as "Revolution is not a meal consumed at night; it is an act of blood and fire" illustrate the viewpoint of Gian's who sought the aggressive and violent approach in dealing with the enemy , while on the other hand another phrase in the book - "Friendship is not measured in tranquility, but tested amidst the turmoil of politics" highlights the strain in the relationship between Gian and Debi as both the characters seek to pursue different paths in achieving their nationalistic objectives. Unlike Debi, Giani believed that to love one's own country does not necessarily mean harming people or having an aggressive attitude. These characters with such different ideologies and assertions signify the impact of political occurrences in a society and how they shape the personal destinies of ordinary individuals as they pass through this socio political turmoil. In both the literary marvels, one very beautiful common thread that emerges is that, during difficult times, many regular people merge as heroes while those that always seemed to be heroes, can at times turn out to be ordinary when the going gets tough. It is the trying and adverse moments, when there is a clash between lofty ideals and harsh realities, that the decisions made by individuals, reflect their true character and strength.

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 Keywords

Keywords -Revolutionary Violence ,Nationalist Resistance ,violent resistance

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