Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

This article examines the Mughal Safavid conflict over Qandahar between 1595 and 1653, a prolonged contest that revealed how two early modern empires adapted their institutions, technologies and strategies to frontier war. Qandahar, situated at the crossroads of Iran, Central Asia and India was far more than a fortress. For the Mughals it was a defensive glacis protecting Kabul and Lahore. For the Safavids it was a patrimony unjustly alienated. Using chronicles, memoirs, travelogues and the work of modern scholars. This study argues that the conflict turned less on shared gunpowder technology than on divergent institutional frameworks, logistical capacities and styles of leadership. Mughal artillery and the Mansabdari system flourished in the plains of Hindustan but proved fragile in Afghanistan. Safavid reforms under Shah Abbas I and Shah Abbas II, though sustained by fewer resources created a disciplined army well suited to siege warfare and defence. By 1653 the fate of Qandahar was sealed in favour of Iran, illustrating the central role of geography, supply and cohesion in early modern imperial rivalry.

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Qandahar, Mughal Empire, Gunpowder Empires, Siege craft, Logistics

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Infertility is a growing reproductive health issue affecting many couples worldwide. In Ayurveda, infertility is correlated with Vandhyatva, which occurs due to imbalance of Dosha, Dhatu and Artava. The present case study highlights the successful management of a 38-year-old female with primary infertility through Ayurvedic treatment. The patient had been trying to conceive for several years without success. After detailed Ayurvedic assessment, treatment including Shodhana and Shamana chikitsa along with lifestyle and dietary modifications was administered. Within three months of Ayurvedic treatment, the patient conceived naturally. This case demonstrates the potential effectiveness of Ayurvedic management in improving fertility outcomes.

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Primary infertility, Vandhyatva, Ayurveda, Artava Dushti, Ayurvedic management.

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Bio-smart materials represent an advanced category of biomimetic restorative materials designed to imitate the structure and function of natural dental tissues while responding dynamically to changes in the oral environment. In Pediatric Dentistry, these materials exhibit properties such as fluoride and calcium ion release, remineralization potential, pH responsiveness, and adaptive mechanical behavior, thereby supporting minimally invasive and preventive treatment strategies. Their integration into restorative, preventive, orthodontic, and endodontic procedures enhances biocompatibility, clinical longevity, and overall treatment outcomes in children.

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Biomimetics, Bio-smart materials, Pediatric dentistry, Remineralization, Smart restorative materials, minimally invasive dentistry.

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One of the most important ancient Hindu legal texts, the Manusmriti, has been at the center of arguments about gender, morals, and social order in India for a long time. Many people respect it as an important dharma??stra, but feminist research has shown that it is based on patriarchy and supports the idea that women should be subordinate to men. Using a feminist view, this paper looks at the misogynistic parts of Manusmriti by breaking down its rules on women's rights, behavior, and choice. It says that the text not only supports the idea that men should be in charge of women and women should rely on men, but it also makes it normal for women to be denied education, property rights, and independence. The study shows how the Manusmriti was used to make gender inequality official in religious and law systems by using feminist ideas about patriarchy, power, and resistance. At the same time, the paper looks at these rules in the context of their time and asks whether they were based on normative goals or social realities. The goal of this critical deconstruction is to show how the text has shaped gender discourse in South Asia for a long time and to make room for reinterpreting tradition in ways that question and break down misogynistic structures. In the end, the paper stresses how important it is to use feminist hermeneutics when reading classic texts again to question their authority and how they apply to current battles for gender justice.

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Manusmriti, Misogyny, Feminist Critique, Patriarchy, Hindu Law, Gender Inequality, Women's Agency, Dharma??stra, Feminist Hermeneutics, Tradition and Modernity.

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This study looks at how gender fluidity is portrayed in modernist and contemporary fiction, redefining subjectivity, altering narrative form, and upending temporal structures. The study makes the case that gender fluidity serves not only as thematic representation but also as a structural principle that alters narrative logic through a thorough comparative analysis of Orlando by Virginia Woolf, Freshwater by Akwaeke Emezi, and Detransition, Baby by Torrey Peters. This study shows that fluid identities necessitate formal experimentation in time, voice, and relational structure, drawing on theories of gender performativity, queer temporality, and trans embodiment. Peters places fluid gender within neoliberal realism and modern kinship politics, Emezi undermines Western individualism through plural consciousness rooted in Igbo cosmology, and Woolf foreshadows later gender theory through temporal elasticity and androgyny. This paper uses close reading as its main methodology and combines textual analysis and theory to show how narrative form itself becomes a site of gender negotiation. In the end, the study suggests that literature actively contributes to the creative reconstruction of identity and social possibility rather than merely reflecting evolving conceptions of gender.

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performativity, gender fluidity, queer temporality, trans embodiment, narrative form, modernism, and comparative literature

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Background: Pancytopenia is not a disease entity but a triad of findings that may result from various disease processes, primarily or secondarily involving the bone marrow. Bone marrow aspiration plays an important role in identifying the various causes of pancytopenia. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate bone marrow findings in pancytopenia cases and causes of pancytopenia on the basis of bone marrow findings. Method: Total 50 patients of aged between 18-70 years presented with pancytopenia in the Department of Pathology, at SBKS MI&RC, Piparia during a period from September 2025 to December 2025 were enrolled and evaluated for physical findings, primary hematological investigation and bone marrow aspirations. Results: Commonest age group affected was 41-50 years (28%) with male predominance (68%). General weakness (90%) was the chief complaint and pallor (96%) was commonest physical finding. Megaloblastic anemia (48%) was the common cause of pancytopenia, followed by dimorphic anemia (18%). Lowest hemoglobin range was 3gms/dl-3.5gms/dl noted in case of nutritional and megaloblastic anemia. Lowest leukocyte count was 570cells/mm3 and noted inmegaloblastic anemia. Lowest platelet count was 10,000cells/mm3and noted in nutritional anemia. Hypercellular marrow was found in 41(82%) patients and common cause was megaloblastic anemia. Hypocellular marrow was seen in 4(8%) cases and normocellular marrow was seen in 5(10%) cases. Conclusion: Detailed primary hematological investigations along with bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in cytopenic patients is helpful for understanding of the disease process, to diagnose or to rule out the causes of cytopenia and helpful in planning further investigations and management of cytopenic patients.

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Pancytopenia; Bone marrow aspiration; Pallor; Megaloblastic; Anemia; Dimorphic; Hypercellular; Hypocellular

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This paper explores Hannibal Lecter and Will Graham's friendship in Hannibal, emphasising how the show presents their relationship. The article makes the case that the show's queer potential is revealed through the framework of deep homosocial closeness, rather than arguing over whether it confirms, rejects, or only suggests a gay relationship. It implies that their connection is in an unstable region between competitiveness, mentoring, confession, and romantic attachment, drawing on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's notion of male homosocial desire. Though it never settles their connection inside a defined sexual identity, the series frequently stages emotional vulnerability in ways that mimic a love story, such as private therapy sessions, betrayal as anguish, and the climax cliff side embrace. This uncertainty is a literary technique rather than an absence. Despite the fact that both characters are matched with women, their emotional depth seems to take precedence over those relationships. Confession, acknowledgement, and mutual development are at the center of the show. Hannibal generates queer potential through ambiguity by letting connection develop through emotion, desire, and quiet rather than overt confession. The show shows how narrative ambiguity in high-end television may serve as a purposeful area where queerness circulates without being formally identified rather than as a means of avoidance.

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This paper explores Hannibal Lecter and Will Graham's friendship in Hannibal, emphasising how the show presents their relationship.

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Geocell is defined as a three-dimensional, cost-effective, and sustainable material made from high-strength polymers, used to enhance the performance of soft soils by providing all-round confinement to the encapsulated soil, thereby improving the performance of foundation beds and various geotechnical applications.

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Consequently: Result, Segment: Product, Geosynthetics, geocell reinforcement, flexible pavement, construction cost

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Role of tourism in sustainable development of mountainous areas: An analytical study in the context of Chamoli district

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Role of tourism in sustainable development of mountainous areas: An analytical study in the context of Chamoli district

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Superconductivity, characterized by zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields, remains a cornerstone of condensed matter physics with transformative technological potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both theoretical and experimental developments in the field. We discuss foundational models, including the London, Ginzburg-Landau, Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS), and Eliashberg formalisms, as well as unconventional approaches such as the Resonating Valence Bond (RVB) theory, which address strong correlations and non-phonon pairing mechanisms. The review covers a broad spectrum of materials, from conventional low-temperature metals to high-temperature cuprates, iron-based superconductors, hydrogen-rich compounds under extreme pressure, and novel systems including twisted bilayer graphene, nickelates, two-dimensional materials, and topological superconductors. Key challenges for practical applications such as, cryogenic requirements, mechanical fragility, limited current-carrying capacity, fabrication difficulties, and vortex dynamics, are examined, alongside emerging strategies in scalable fabrication, vortex pinning engineering, and cryogen-free technologies. We also highlight the role of superconductors in quantum technologies, particularly superconducting qubits and topological platforms. Finally, we outline future directions, emphasizing material discovery, theoretical refinement, and engineering innovations aimed at achieving room-temperature, ambient-pressure superconductivity.

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Superconductivity; Meissner Effect; High temperature superconductors

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