Volume 14 | Issue 2 | February-2026

 Abstract

After-school support programs (ASSPs)--including remedial tutoring, supervised study, mentoring, sports and arts clubs, and structured life-skills initiatives--are increasingly positioned as equity-oriented strategies to improve adolescent learning and holistic development. In India, where learning gaps and transition risks intensify during secondary schooling, ASSPs may offer additional instructional time, targeted remediation, psychosocial support, and safe spaces that strengthen academic outcomes and social development. This article synthesizes evidence from (i) global meta-analyses of after-school and social-emotional learning (SEL) programs and (ii) India-relevant secondary sources, and proposes a practical evaluation framework suited to Indian secondary schools. Evidence indicates that well-designed programs can improve grades and achievement while also strengthening social behaviours, school bonding, and related competencies when implementation quality is high and activities are sequenced, active, focused, and explicit (SAFE) [1][2]. India-based evidence from large-scale remedial and after-school life-skills initiatives suggests potential gains in learning and socio-emotional competencies, but highlights the need for stronger secondary-stage evaluations using transparent designs and comparable outcome measures [3][4]. The article provides tabular secondary evidence, outcome indicators aligned to Indian policy priorities, and guidance for school-level program evaluation in line with NEP 2020's emphasis on holistic development [5].

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

After-school programs; secondary education; remedial tutoring; life skills; social-emotional learning; academic achievement; India; program evaluation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Procrastination is the irrational behaviour of delaying important tasks without any valid reasons that has afflicted mankind since antiquity. An enormous body of literature on procrastination has accumulated in the past many decades, expounding the nature, causes, consequences and treatment of procrastination. The authors aim to focus on reviewing some of the most relevant literature pertaining to two approaches to understanding procrastination, namely personality and motivation. An overview of the available literature underscored the importance of investigating personality traits and motivational factors in relation to procrastination.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Malediction, Procrastination, Personality approach, Motivational approach

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Flavonoids, abundant polyphenolic compounds in plants, exhibit remarkable potential in wound healing through their multifaceted actions on key phases of repair: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Their therapeutic effects arise primarily from potent antioxidant properties neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulating enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx, and activating the master regulator Nrf2/ARE pathway to mitigate oxidative stress alongside robust anti-inflammatory activities via inhibition of NF-?B, MAPK/ERK, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-?, IL-6, IL-1?). Additional benefits include promotion of angiogenesis (via upregulation of VEGF, bFGF, TGF-?), re-epithelialization, collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and antimicrobial action against common wound pathogens. Preclinical evidence, predominantly from animal models of acute, burn, and diabetic wounds, demonstrates that prominent flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, rutin) accelerate closure, enhance granulation tissue formation, and reduce scarring. However, challenges such as poor solubility and bioavailability are being addressed through advanced formulations, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanogels, and composite dressings, which enable sustained release, improved penetration, and superior outcomes in diabetic wound models (e.g., >90% closure in 14 days in some studies).While clinical translation remains limited, emerging data support flavonoids as safe, multi-target natural agents, particularly for managing chronic non-healing wounds dominated by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. This review highlights underlying pathways, key compounds, formulation advances, and future directions for harnessing flavonoids in wound therapeutics.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Flavonoids, Wound healing, pathway

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Local Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Critical Study of the Distribution of Slum Settlements

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Local Inequality and Social Exclusion: A Critical Study of the Distribution of Slum Settlements

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition