Volume 14 | Issue 2 | February 2026

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Study of the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial Callyspongia fallax

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Study of the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial Callyspongia fallax

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Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has gained prominence due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. Traditionally extracted from crustacean shells, chitosan production faces limitations such as allergenicity, seasonal availability, and environmental concerns. This study investigates alternative sources--Labeo rohita fish scales, white button mushroom stalks, and banana peels--for chitosan extraction using acid-alkali chemical treatment. The extracted biopolymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), solubility testing, and pH analysis. Among the sources, fish scales yielded the highest purity and quantity of chitosan, while mushrooms and banana peels produced chitosan-like compounds with moderate functionality. These materials were further utilized to develop herbal biodegradable bandages and hydrogels, demonstrating promising antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. The findings support the valorization of agro-waste and seafood by-products for sustainable biomedical innovations.

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Sustainable Extraction and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan from Fish Scales, Mushroom Stalks, and Banana Peels

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A common medicinal plant with antibacterial and antifungal qualities is Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). In this study, various solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and aqueous) of L. camara leaves were subjected to phytochemical screening and antifungal assays. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and amino acids was determined by qualitative phytochemical testing. Fluconazole was employed as a positive control in antifungal tests against Aspergillus niger utilizing the agar well diffusion method. The extracts had detectable antifungal action, confirming L. camara's ethnomedical value. According to these results, the leaves of L. camara may contain bioactive substances that could be used to build antifungal medications.This research validates the traditional use of L. camara and highlights its potential as a source of natural antifungal agents, particularly from methanolic leaf extracts.

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Lantana camara, phytochemical screening, antifungal activity, Aspergillus niger, fluconazole

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This study conducted a molecular phylogenetic investigation of bacterial evolution using the gyrB gene, an orthologous marker encoding the B-subunit of DNA gyrase, which is functionally essential for prokaryotic DNA topology control. High-quality gyrB sequences, curated from the NCBI database, underwent Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) using Clustal Omega to characterize nucleotide substitution patterns. Phylogenetic trees were computationally derived via the NGPhylogeny.fr platform, revealing evolutionary relationships; concurrently, bioinformatic analysis identified conserved domains critical for gyrase activity. The phylogenetic informativeness of the gyrB methodology was rigorously validated through in silico translational analysis, sequence identity comparisons, and consistent species demarcation, affirming its utility as a reliable molecular chronometer for reconstructing bacterial evolutionary history.

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gyrB gene, molecular phylogeny, DNA gyrase, conserved ortholog, multiple sequence alignment, nucleotide substitution, evolutionary inference, taxonomic stratification.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable opportunistic pathogen, with the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) posing a critical global health challenge. This study focuses on the Bengal Bay Clone, MRSA ST772, a virulent and multidrug-resistant Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strain increasingly linked to severe infections. Methicillin resistance in S. aureus is primarily mediated by the mecA gene, which encodes the penicillin-binding protein PBP2a. Despite the clinical significance of ST772, the genomic and evolutionary mechanisms underpinning its resistance phenotype remain poorly characterized.

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THE GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF METHICILLIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS MRSA ST772: A COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOINFORMATICS STUDY

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This research paper explores the multifaceted impact of animation on society and culture. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical trends, technological advancements, and cultural influences, the paper examines how animation shapes societal perceptions, cultural values, and collective identity. By exploring diverse examples from film, television, and digital media, the paper aims to elucidate the profound ways in which animation influences social norms, cultural practices, and artistic expression, ultimately contributing to the rich tapestry of global culture.

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Animation, Society, Culture, Storytelling, Artistic expression, Social norms, Cultural identity

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The animation industry is undergoing rapid evolution driven by technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and globalization. The evolution of animation and visual effects technologies has significantly influenced global production trends and contributed to the digitalization of cinema between 1990 and 2020 [1] This research paper examines the challenges facing the animation industry and explores potential future directions for innovation and growth. Key challenges include technological limitations, creative hurdles, industry dynamics, talent acquisition, and cultural diversity. Future directions encompass emerging technologies like virtual reality and artificial intelligence, as well as evolving trends in animation styles, distribution platforms, and ethical considerations. By addressing these challenges and embracing new opportunities, the animation industry can navigate towards a vibrant and sustainable future.

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Animation, challenges, future directions, technology, creativity, industry trends, innovation, globalization.

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This comprehensive research paper meticulously examines the trends shaping India's Animation & VFX industry, with a specific focus on the sub-concept of CGI. By dissecting elements crucial to the industry's development, the paper sheds light on the trajectory of Animation & VFX in India. It delves into the prevalence of VFX and 3D, predicting their dominance over AR & VR technologies in the future. The research outlines upcoming trends, projecting a notable growth in 2024. However, it doesn't shy away from addressing drawbacks, particularly in terms of realism within Indian Animation Industries, emphasizing the challenges associated with achieving photorealism in films. The paper provides insights into how VFX and 3D technologies are poised to lead the industry forward. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of specific software that has become integral to the Indian animation landscape, anticipating their sustained relevance. The research also introduces emerging software, instrumental in propelling the industry's growth. By synthesizing detailed information, this paper serves as a valuable resource for industry professionals, researchers, and policymakers invested in the trajectory of India's Animation & VFX sector.

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Animation, CGI, Animation Market, VFX.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) implies multiplication of pathogen in the urinary tract and presence of more than 105 organisms/ml of midstream of urine sample. UTI occurs due to entry of bacteria in the urinary tract via urethra to bladder and then multiplication in the tract. The most common cause of urinary tract infection is Gram negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriacae. Members of this family include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Proteus. Other causative agents of UTI are Gram positive organisms such as Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp and yeast like Candida. Urinary tract is among the most common sites of bacterial infection both in community based and hospitalized patients [5]. Despite rapid diagnosis and treatment there is reported 5% risk of long term damage owing to recurrence and consequent renal scarring with its complications. E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection.

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STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN AND VIRULENCE FACTORS OF ISOLATED UROPATHOGENS

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Urban festivals in India, particularly Ganeshotsav, are celebrated with immense enthusiasm and grandeur. While culturally significant, these events also produce unprecedented levels of noise pollution through the use of amplified music systems, drums, and firecrackers. Such short-term but intense sound exposure not only disrupts human health but also affects urban wildlife, especially birds. This paper examines the ecological impact of festival-related noise pollution on bird behaviour in Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. Using a combination of noise monitoring, bird surveys, and behavioural observations, this study explores how elevated sound levels influence avian vocalization, foraging activity, and vigilance. The findings highlight the acute disturbances caused by immersion-day celebrations and provide recommendations for balancing cultural practices with environmental sustainability.

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Noise pollution, Avian behaviour, Ganeshotsav, Acoustic Ecology.

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