Volume 5 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Previously unsolvable cases are now solved easily with the development of the field of medical jurisprudence. It covers in its ambit the provision of evidence for a wide range and scope of cases. Medical certificates are a crucial piece of documentary evidence but are treated as opinions by the Court of laws. The following paper seeks to elucidate on the legal issues involved in using medical certificates as genuine pieces of evidence and how courts have over the years used them to reach conclusions to facilitate justice. We will also shed light on the legal pre-requisites for issuing medical certificates, issued by National and State Medical Councils. These legal guidelines are largely followed today, yet medical certificates continue to be treated as secondary pieces of evidence due to lack of a holistic statute on issuance of medical certificate.

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Forensic science; Medical Jurisprudence; Medical Certificates; Documentary Evidence; Expert opinion; Witness testimony; Investigating Officer; Registered medical practitioner; Relevant Fact; CrPC; IPC; Indian Evidence Act.

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Ultrasonic speeds and isentropic compressibilities of aqueous solutions of Water + 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) + t-butanol have been determined at 298.15 K. The concentrations of t-butanol at which ultrasonic speed becomes maximum and isentropic compressibility becomes minimum are found to decrease with increase in the concentration of 2ME in the cosolvent (Aqueous 2ME). This behaviour indicates that the aqueous ternary solutions are less structured than aqueous t-butanol. This behaviour is also well reflected in the concentration dependence of excess ultrasonic speed and excess isentropic compressibility. This behaviour is explained as due to a decrease in the ability of t-butanol to form clathrate hydrates owing to the presence of 2ME. When the concentration of 2ME in the cosolvent (x2ME) > 0.11, ultrasonic speed decreases and isentropic compressibility increases with concentration of t-butanol indicating that the ternary solution behaving as normal solution where in any further addition of 2ME or t-butanol leads to destabilization of the hydrogen bonded structure of water and t-butanol looses its ability to form clathrate hydrates in aqueous solutions.

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Ternary solution; ultrasonic speed; isentropic compressibility ;clathrate hydrates; hydrophobic hydration

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While much of Nathaniel Hawthorne's moral universe has traditionally been read through the lens of Puritanical sin, guilt, and allegorical didacticism, this essay proposes a dual theoretical re-reading. Moving beyond static interpretations of conscience, we apply Paulo Freire's concept of conscientization (critical consciousness) alongside Claire Kramsch's framework of symbolic competence to argue that Hawthorne's characters and narrative voice engage in a dynamic, unresolved negotiation with moral meaning. In works such as The Scarlet Letter and "Young Goodman Brown," the protagonist's journey is not toward redemption or damnation, but toward a critical awareness (conscientization) of how social and theological codes produce their own subjectivities (Freire 35). Yet, Hawthorne simultaneously subverts any final, actionable liberation. Instead, his narrators and fallen heroes demonstrate what Kramsch terms symbolic competence: the ability to perceive and position oneself within the inherent ambiguity of multiple, often contradictory, moral systems without collapsing into certainty (Kramsch 251). The researcher contends that the true Hawthornean "moral" is not a lesson in conduct but an aesthetic of ethical hesitation--a symbolic competence where meaning is perpetually deferred, and the real sin is the reification of any single interpretive code. This re-reading releases Hawthorne from the role of moral arbiter and reframes his universe as a proto-modernist theatre of structural critique and semiotic play.

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"Ramayan mein varnit vanaspatiyon ka varnan"

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"Ramayan mein varnit vanaspatiyon ka varnan"

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Jagaddala Somanathana Kalyanakaraka

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Jagaddala Somanathana Kalyanakaraka

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The rapid degradation of the global environment, the intensification of social inequalities, and the far-reaching impacts of industrialization have elevated sustainability to a central position in philosophical, ethical, political, and economic discussions. Corporations, as predominant socio-economic entities, bear substantial accountability for the circumstances that have led to ecological crises and social inequities. This scholarly article investigates the ethical obligations of corporations concerning sustainability through the prism of applied ethics and philosophical discourse. It posits that corporate sustainability ought to be regarded not solely as a strategic business decision but as a moral imperative rooted in deontological, utilitarian, virtue-oriented, and justice-focused ethical paradigms. Through comprehensive discussions, case analyses, and theoretical critiques, the article demonstrates that ethical sustainability necessitates that corporations integrate long-term ecological stewardship, social responsibility, equitable resource allocation, and transparent accountability into their operational principles. The article concludes by proposing a cohesive ethical framework for corporate sustainability and recommends the policy, structural, and philosophical reforms essential for embedding sustainability as a fundamental element of corporate ethics.

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Sustainability, Corporate Ethics, Environmental Ethics, Corporate Responsibility, Sustainable Development, Ecological Justice.

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The present investigation was carried out at Banana Research Station, Nanded. "Studies on plant geometry and levels of potassium on growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa acuminata L.)", for two trial years. In the present experiment, there were four main treatments of plant density, viz. D1 (1.5 m x 1.2 m), D2 (1.5 m x 1.5 m), D3 (1.5 m x 1.8 m) and D4 (1.5 m x 2.1 m), three sub- treatment of potassium levels, viz. K1 (100 g K2 O/plant), K2 (200 g K2O/plant), K3 (300 g K2O/plant) and thus comprising twelve treatment combinations. From the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be revealed that the treatment D3 (1.5 m x 1.8 m i. e.3703 plants/ha) required minimum days to emergence of inflorescence (246.83) which was at par with treatment D21.5 m x 1.5 m (4444 plants/ha) (247.33). The treatment D4 (1.5 m x 2.1 m i. e. 3174 plants/ha) required maximum days to emergence of inflorescence (257.39) which was at par with treatment D11.5 m x 1.2 m (5555 plants/ha) (252.00). The minimum days to emergence of inflorescence required in treatment K3 (300g K2O/plant) (245.58). The treatment K1 (100g K2O/plant) required maximum days to emergence of inflorescence (257.13). The interaction effects of plant densities and potassium levels on days to emergence of inflorescence of banana found to be non significant.

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Assessment of Potassium Nutrition and Plant Spacing on Days to emergence of inflorescence of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) cv. Ardhapuri

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Entrepreneurship is central to India's national economic agenda. It provides employment opportunities, spurs innovation, and can help reduce dependency on job seeking by fostering job creation. The Government of India, along with State Governments (e.g. Karnataka), has introduced various schemes and programs designed to support budding entrepreneurs with financial assistance, incubation, mentoring, subsidies, credit ease, etc.

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Exploring Awareness of Government Entrepreneurship Development Schemes among College Students in Bangalore

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This manuscript presents a comprehensive, fully rewritten academic review of women's health among tribal communities in India, focusing on maternal health disparities, cultural determinants, structural barriers, and the broader socio-economic context shaping these outcomes. Grounded in evidence from multiple regions and decades of public health research, the review analyzes how geographical isolation, traditional practices, nutritional deficiencies, and limited access to healthcare systems contribute to persistent inequalities. Emphasis is placed on maternal mortality, antenatal and postnatal care utilization, reproductive autonomy, and health-seeking behaviors among tribal women. The manuscript synthesizes academic literature to present a multidimensional understanding of why tribal women in India continue to experience disproportionate burdens of ill health and what interventions may be required to improve outcomes.

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Women's health, Tribal communities, Socio-economic, Nutritional deficiencies, Maternal, Health-seeking behaviors

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Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the differences in emotional competence between only children and children with siblings. The sample consisted of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) aged between 18 and 20 years, drawn from Pune city, Maharashtra. The 'Scale of Emotional Competence' developed by Sharma and Bharadwaj (1995) was administered to assess emotional competence. Data were analyzed using an independent samples 't'-test to compare the mean scores of the two groups. The results revealed no significant difference in the emotional competence of only children and children with siblings.

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Emotional Competency, 'Only Child' and 'Children with a Sibling'

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