Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Railway safety depends on constantly monitoring the tracks, because unnoticed cracks or obstacles can lead to serious accidents. This paper introduces an intelligent Railway Track Obstacle and Crack Detection System designed to improve safety through automation. The system uses sensors, image processing, and machine learning to detect cracks and obstacles in real time. IR and ultrasonic sensors help in identifying cracks, while object detection techniques recognize any obstacles on the track. The system also includes GPS and GSM modules to track the exact fault location and send instant alerts to the authorities for quick maintenance. Experimental results show that the system provides high detection accuracy in different environmental conditions. Overall, the proposed model is cost-effective, efficient, and scalable. It reduces the need for manual inspection and increases the overall reliability of railway operations.

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 Keywords

Railway Safety, Crack Detection, Object Detection, GPS, GSM, Machine Learning, Automation, Real-Time Monitoring

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 Abstract

There is a growing awareness among people all over the world regarding the requirement of green marketing, environmental marketing, and ecological marketing, all of which share the same significance for the study sector. Green marketing is a marketing strategy that is made up of environmentally friendly practices. Despite the fact that environmental issues have an effect on almost every activity that consumer participate in their lives today, they still continue to engage in these many activities. For the Indian business discipline, the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is a very large sector in the economy that has to learn more about being environmentally friendly. This is especially true from the perspective of the Indian business discipline. Given that the natural environment is growing more complicated as a consequence of environmental degradation and unethical commercial practices, consumers and business organisations are now becoming increasingly concerned about the natural environment. This is because of the fact that the natural environment is becoming more complicated. In an effort to address the "new" concerns that contemporary society has, businesses have begun to make modifications to the manner in which they conduct themselves. The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is one of the growing businesses that is concerned about the issues that come with green marketing. Environmentally friendly components are being used as effective marketing strategies by the vast majority of marketing professionals nowadays. As a result of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the perspectives of consumers in the fast-moving consumer goods business about products that are favourable to the environment.

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 Keywords

Environment, Marketing, Consumer, Industry, FMCG.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid evolution of digital technologies has transformed the foundations of contemporary marketing, reshaping how firms create value, engage consumers, and compete in increasingly dynamic environments. Marketing in the Age of Digitalization: Critical Problems and Integrated Solution Pathways examines the multifaceted challenges posed by digital transformation and proposes holistic strategies to navigate these complexities. This article synthesizes current academic and industry perspectives to highlight four major problem domains: data proliferation and privacy concerns, algorithmic bias and ethical dilemmas in AI-driven decision-making, digital customer experience fragmentation, and the pressures of platform-dominated markets. First, the unprecedented volume of consumer data enables highly personalized marketing but simultaneously introduces significant privacy, security, and regulatory challenges. Conflicts between personalization and consumer autonomy, along with varying global data protection frameworks, create operational uncertainties for firms. Second, the rising reliance on artificial intelligence and machine learning generates new layers of opacity and potential bias. While AI enhances targeting accuracy and automation efficiency, it also risks reinforcing unfair practices or eroding trust when decision-making processes lack transparency. Addressing these issues requires governance models that balance performance with accountability. Third, digitalization has fragmented the customer journey across multiple touchpoints--including social media, mobile applications, e-commerce platforms, and emerging interfaces like voice assistants--making it increasingly difficult for firms to deliver coherent, seamless experiences. This fragmentation often results in inconsistent branding, message dilution, and weakened customer loyalty. Developing integrated omnichannel strategies supported by real-time analytics is essential to bridge these gaps. Fourth, the dominance of digital platforms such as search engines, social media networks, and online marketplaces introduces structural challenges, including heightened competition, dependency risks, and reduced control over consumer data. Firms must adopt platform-aware strategies and explore alternative digital ecosystems to mitigate these vulnerabilities. To address these interconnected issues, the article proposes an integrated solution framework built around four pillars: ethical data stewardship, human-centered AI governance, omnichannel experience orchestration, and platform diversification. Ethical data stewardship emphasizes transparent data practices, informed consent, and secure infrastructure. Human-centered AI governance promotes fairness, explainability, and the integration of human oversight in algorithmic systems. Omnichannel orchestration leverages unified data architectures and experience design principles to ensure consistency across touchpoints. Finally, platform diversification encourages firms to build collaborative ecosystems, strengthen owned digital assets, and reduce overreliance on dominant intermediaries. By synthesizing emerging evidence and offering actionable pathways, this study contributes to ongoing debates on how marketing can remain effective, responsible, and resilient in an era defined by digital transformation. The article provides scholars with a conceptual framework for future research and offers practitioners practical guidance for navigating the challenges and opportunities of digital-era marketing.

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 Keywords

Digital marketing, AI governance, Data privacy, Omnichannel strategy, Platform ecosystems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present investigation describes the synthesis of a novel macrocyclic ligand obtained through the condensation of benzyl and oxalyldihydrazide in a methanolic medium under reflux conditions. The reaction yields a stable, crystalline macrocycle containing both nitrogen and oxygen donor centers capable of coordinating with transition metal ions. The ligand was subsequently allowed to react with divalent cobalt, nickel, and copper salts in the presence of chloride, nitrate, and acetate anions, resulting in a series of metal complexes of the general formula [M(C??H??N?O?)X?], where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and X = Cl?, NO??, or OAc?. Comprehensive analytical and physicochemical studies were carried out to confirm the composition and structural features of the synthesized ligand and its complexes. Elemental analysis and molecular weight determination verified the proposed stochiometry, while molar conductance measurements indicated their non-electrolytic or weakly electrolytic nature depending on the coordinating anion. The magnetic susceptibility data, together with electronic spectral transitions, provided valuable insight into the electronic environment of the metal ions and strongly suggested the formation of six-coordinate octahedral complexes. Spectroscopic investigations--including infrared, far-infrared, UV-Visible, and proton NMR studies--revealed significant shifts in characteristic vibrational and electronic bands, confirming the coordination of metal ions through azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms of the macrocyclic framework. Infrared spectra displayed lowering of C=N and C=O stretching frequencies upon complexation, supporting metal-ligand bond formation, while far-IR spectra provided additional evidence through metal-nitrogen and metal-oxygen vibrational bands. The UV-Vis spectra exhibited characteristic d-d transitions consistent with octahedral geometry for Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes. Overall, the combined spectral, magnetic, and analytical data conclusively establish the formation of stable, six-coordinate octahedral complexes of the synthesized macrocyclic ligand with Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions. The study highlights the strong chelating ability of the ligand, the influence of anions on coordination behavior, and the potential applications of such macrocyclic complexes in catalysis, bioinorganic modelling, and material science.

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 Keywords

Macrocyclic ligand, Template synthesis, Benzil, Oxalyldihydrazide, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) complexes, Infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, NMR studies, Far-infrared spectra, Magnetic susceptibility, Molar conductance, Octahedral geometry

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 Abstract

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up before the desired time, and unrefreshing sleep; Insomnia is a common and challenging complaint in older adults (> 65 years) because of age-related alterations in sleep physiology. it can be accompanied by attention deficit and mood instability and has a minimal duration of three months. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder worldwide and is characterized by difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, early-morning awakening and an inability to return to sleep, occurring for at least three nights a week over a three-month period. Insomnia impairs daytime functioning and can be caused by a variety of factors. It frequently co-occurs with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, renal disorders, or obstructive airway diseases. The long-term use of certain medications, psychological disorders, substance use disorder (SUD) aging, genetic predisposition, or traumatic brain injuries can also contribute to its development. A systematic review report that 52.57% of the global population experienced sub-threshold insomnia, while 13.75% suffer from moderately severe clinical sleeplessness, and approximately 2.5% have severe clinical insomnia. In the india it affects approximately 33% of adult population. If left untreated, chronic insomnia can significantly impact an individual's economic, social, and occupational wellbeing.

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Insomnia, homoeopathy, geriatric, APA, repertory Arsenic, Sac lac

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study investigates the relationship between the academic achievement of secondary school students and their self-concept, achievement motivation, and attitude in the Chennai Educational District. The sample for the study consists of 300 students selected randomly from nine secondary schools. The findings of the study reveal that: (i) there is a positive correlation between academic achievement and self-concept, achievement motivation, and attitude among secondary school students. This indicates that students with higher self-concept tend to achieve higher academic scores. It also shows that academic achievement and achievement motivation are interrelated, implying that students with higher levels of achievement motivation perform better academically. Furthermore, the results indicate that students with more positive attitudes tend to have higher academic achievement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Academic Achievement, Self-Concept, Achievement Motivation and Attitude.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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KEYWORDS:Muscle energy technique, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation technique, SPADI, VAS and Periarthritis shoulder.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The paper addresses several marketing implications regarding the 4Ps of the marketing mix as they relate to the emerging market of India. The report is based on discussions and briefings on macro-environmental factors and business practices provided by senior management of various local and international businesses, U.S. officials, and faculty members from local and international universities in India. In addition the paper reviews the literature on marketing in India. The findings of this study together with those of previous studies provide relevant information to international marketers for developing appropriate marketing strategies for conducting business in India.

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 Keywords

Marketing, 4Ps, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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A novel anthraquinone-thiophene Schiff base was synthesized by condensing 2-aminoanthraquinone with 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde in ethanol under mild acidic conditions. The synthesized compound was characterized using FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR analysis confirmed the successful formation of the Schiff base with the expected functional group transformations. XRD results revealed that the compound exhibits a microcrystalline nature, while SEM images showed a rough and porous surface morphology with well-defined microcrystalline features. The antioxidant activity of the Schiff base was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method, demonstrating notable free radical inhibition and indicating its potential biological importance. Overall, the structural and biological findings suggest that the synthesized Schiff base is a promising candidate for further applications in coordination chemistry, material science and medicinal chemistry

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 Keywords

Schiff base, Spectroscopy Microcrystalline nature, Antioxidant activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Pain during intravenous (IV) cannulation is a common distressing experience for preschool children, often leading to fear, anxiety, and reduced cooperation during medical procedures. Non-pharmacological interventions such as distraction are recognized as effective, safe, and simple methods for reducing procedural pain. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the squeezing ball distraction technique on reducing pain during IV cannulation among preschool children. A quasi-experimental post-test only control group design was adopted, and 50 preschool children were selected through purposive sampling and divided equally into experimental and control groups. Pain was assessed immediately after cannulation using the Wong-Baker Facial Pain Rating Scale. Findings revealed that children in the experimental group experienced only mild pain, with 52% reporting "Hurts Little Bit (2)" and 48% reporting "Hurts Little More (4)." In contrast, the control group demonstrated significantly higher pain levels, with 44% reporting "Hurts Even More (6)," 36% "Hurts Whole Lot (8)," and 8% "Hurts Worst (10)." The mean pain score of the experimental group (2.96) was considerably lower than that of the control group (6.80). The calculated t-value of 71.1 at p < 0.05 confirmed a highly significant difference between the two groups. Chi-square analysis further showed that demographic variables had no association with pain levels. The study concludes that the squeezing ball distraction technique is a simple, cost-effective, non-invasive, and highly effective method for reducing pain during IV cannulation among preschool children. This technique can be readily integrated into routine pediatric nursing practice.

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 Keywords

ain, distraction, squeezing ball, preschool children, IV cannulation, Wong-Baker Scale.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition