Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Tetra-amide macrocyclic ligands have emerged as versatile scaffolds in coordination chemistry owing to their robust donor frameworks, structural rigidity, and metal-binding adaptability. Their complexes with transition metals exhibit diverse physicochemical behaviors, enabling applications spanning catalysis, sensing, environmental remediation, and biological therapeutics. Recent advances in green and template-assisted synthetic strategies have facilitated the preparation of highly stable macrocycles with tunable cavity sizes and donor zatom arrangements. Spectroscopic, thermal, and computational studies have provided deeper insights into their coordination geometries, electronic transitions, and reactive properties. These complexes demonstrate remarkable catalytic efficiency in oxidation, coupling, and CO? fixation reactions, along with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Furthermore, their ability to act as molecular sensors and peroxidase mimics underscores their functional diversity. The integration of theoretical modeling with experimental validation continues to enhance the understanding of structure-activity relationships, guiding the design of next-generation macrocyclic systems for sustainable and biomedical applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transition metal complexes; Coordination chemistry; Catalysis; Antimicrobial activity; Molecular docking; DFT studies; Environmental applications

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Herbal medicine is undergoing a profound transformation, guided by rapid advancements in nanotechnology and supported by emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, and personalized medicine. This paper explores the future trajectory of herbal therapeutics, emphasizing the integration of nano-herbal systems, intelligent drug delivery mechanisms, green synthesis methods, and progressive regulatory frameworks. Nanotechnology enables enhanced bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery of phytoconstituents, while AI-driven tools aid in compound identification, formulation optimization, and predictive modeling of therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, innovations in synthetic biology are paving the way for sustainable production of bioactive compounds, reducing dependence on endangered plant resources. As traditional botanical knowledge harmonizes with scientific and technological progress, herbal medicine is evolving into a more evidence-based, efficient, and patient-centered discipline. This convergence marks the dawn of a new era in global healthcare--where nature's wisdom meets modern science to deliver safe, effective, and personalized phytotherapeutic solutions.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal medicine; Nanotechnology; Green synthesis; Phytoconstituents.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rise of quantum computing brings powerful capabilities but also poses risks to current cryptographic schemes like RSA and ECC, which depend upon problems that quantum procedures like Shor's and Grover's can solve. This creates an urgent need for new methods that can withstand both classical and quantum attacks. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) addresses this need by emerging secure algorithms for classical computers that can resist quantum threats. This paper reviews major families of PQC algorithms, including lattice-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial, hash- based, and isogeny-based. It analyses their security, performance, and implementation challenges. It also looks at global standardization efforts, particularly by NIST, and emphasizes the importance of early adoption, adaptable cryptographic systems, and planned migration to ensure secure communication in the quantum era.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Computing threats, Shor's Algorithm, Lattice-Based Cryptography, Quantum-Resistant Algorithms, Public Key Cryptography, Cryptographic Standardization, Digital Security, Quantum Security, NIST PQC project, Key Exchange, Multivariate Cryptography.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A key component of contemporary artificial intelligence is machine learning (ML), which allows systems to learn from data, see patterns, and make judgements or predictions with little assistance from humans. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of ML, covering its evolution, theoretical foundation and the primary learning paradigms like supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It analyzes widely used algorithms including decision trees, support vector machines, k-means clustering , neural networks and ensemble techniques along with developments in deep learning, transfer learning and self supervised learning. The study demonstrates the revolutionary power of machine learning (ML) across industries by highlighting real-world applications in fields like healthcare, banking, manufacturing, autonomous systems, and natural language processing. In addition , it critically examines the challenges faced by ML systems, including data scarcity, model interpretability, overfitting, equity, and security flaws. Ethical and regulatory concerns such as bias mitigation, transparency, and privacy preservation and responsible deployment, are also addressed. By synthesizing current research trends and identifying open problems, this review aims to guide future advancements in ML, fostering innovations that are accurate, efficient, and aligned with societal values.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning, Supervised Learning, Data Privacy, Deep Learning, Reinforcement Learning

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid growth of cloud computing has led to an unprecedented demand for large-scale data centers, which consume significant amounts of energy and contribute substantially to global carbon emissions. Achieving sustainability in cloud infrastructures has therefore become a critical challenge for researchers, industry, and policymakers. This paper investigates the environmental impact of modern cloud data centers and explores optimization approaches to enhance their energy efficiency while minimizing carbon footprint. A systematic assessment of energy consumption patterns, resource utilization, and cooling mechanisms is presented to identify the primary contributors to environmental degradation. The study reviews state-of-the-art green cloud computing techniques, including virtualization, dynamic workload consolidation, renewable energy integration, and intelligent scheduling algorithms. Furthermore, optimization models and energy-aware frameworks are evaluated for their effectiveness in balancing performance with sustainability goals. The findings highlight that multi-dimensional strategies--combining hardware innovations, software-level optimizations, and renewable integration--are essential to achieve sustainable cloud ecosystems. This research provides insights into practical approaches and future directions for developing environmentally responsible cloud data centers that align with global sustainability objectives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Carbon emission, environmental sustainability, dynamic VM, optimizing resource, renewalable energy, simulation-based framework, SLA constraints.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The role of conversational agents in delivering mental health support has grown substantially. Yet, many existing systems struggle to respond in emotionally nuanced ways. This research introduces an innovative approach to equip mental health chatbots with emotionally adaptive reinforcement learning capabilities. By analyzing user inputs for emotional cues and context, the chatbot dynamically adjusts its conversational strategies using reinforcement learning techniques. The study presents the system's architecture, learning algorithms, and evaluation metrics. Results indicate significant improvements in user satisfaction and emotional well-being.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mental Health, Chatbots, Reinforcement Learning, Emotion Recognition, Affective Computing, Adaptive Dialogue Systems

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in providing ecological and economic benefits to coastal communities. The present study was conducted to assess the species diversity and distribution of mangroves in Dahanu, Maharashtra, India. Field surveys were conducted to identify and map the different mangrove species in the area. A total of 8 species of mangroves were identified, including Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, A. marina var. acutissima, A. officinalis, Sonneratia apetala, Brugiera cylindrical and Ceriops tagal. Among these, Avicennia marina was found to be the most dominant species in the area, followed by Rhizophora mucronata. The study also revealed that the mangroves were distributed unevenly in the study area, with the highest density of mangroves observed in the southern part of the estuary. The results of the study suggest that Dahanu has a diverse range of mangrove species, and conservation efforts should be undertaken to protect and restore these ecosystems

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mangrove, Dahanu

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Digital entrepreneurship has emerged as a powerful tool for empowering women and driving sustainable development, particularly in regions like India and Africa. Despite significant advancements in digital technologies, women in these regions continue to face systemic barriers such as limited access to digital tools, financial resources, and socio-cultural constraints. This paper examines how digital entrepreneurship can bridge the gender gap in these regions, fostering inclusive growth and contributing to sustainable development. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of existing government and industry reports with qualitative interviews of women entrepreneurs, policymakers, and stakeholders in India and Africa. The findings highlight several key enablers for women in digital entrepreneurship, including the expansion of mobile technology, financial technologies (FinTech), and targeted skill development initiatives. However, persistent barriers such as the digital divide, gendered socio-cultural norms, and inconsistent policy implementation continue to hinder progress. In India, the widespread adoption of mobile technology has facilitated access to markets and financial inclusion, yet deep-rooted gender norms and familial responsibilities remain significant obstacles. In Africa, while digital inclusion initiatives have expanded, infrastructural challenges like unreliable electricity and internet connectivity, coupled with high levels of illiteracy, impede women's entrepreneurial potential. The paper proposes several policy implications to address these challenges, including enhancing digital infrastructure, creating gender-focused training programs, facilitating access to finance, promoting awareness to challenge gender norms, and fostering cross-regional collaboration. The study concludes that while both India and Africa have made strides in promoting women's digital entrepreneurship, further investments in infrastructure, policies, and education are crucial for achieving long-term sustainability and bridging the gender gap. A comparative, cross-regional approach is key to scaling successful initiatives and ensuring the empowerment of women in the digital economy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital entrepreneurship, gender gap, women empowerment, sustainable development, India, Africa, policy recommendations.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

WS2, Hydrothermal synthesis, PECVD, Photocatalysis, HER, Photodetector, Supercapacitor, Nanostructure morphology.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Fish is protein rich food that needs skilful handling (Sujatha et al,2013). Main reason behind this is fish spoilage after capture due to high tropical heat which enhances activities of bacteria, enzyme and chemical oxidation of fat in fish. Due to improper handling near about 20-35% of fish harvest are wasted in India. These major losses could be minimized by application of skilful handling, processing and preservation techniques. The utilization of plant extract as reducing and stabilizing agents for nanoparticle synthesis offers numerous advantages over traditional chemical method including cost effectiveness, scalability and absence of toxic contaminant thus making plant mediated synthesis a sustainable alternative to its counterparts. (Singh et al,2023). Green synthesis uses plant extract rich in bioactive compound like flavonoids, alkaloid and phenolics as natural reducing and stabilizing agents instead of conventional method using harmful reducing agents. Green synthesis adheres to biodegradability, energy efficiency, waste reduction and uses of renewable resources as plants. (Abuzeid et al,2023). Use of indigenous plant knowledge for bioactive extraction connect modern nanotechnology with ancient ecological wisdom.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

1.Deterioration 2. Whatman 3. crystallinity 4. minced 5. capping

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition