Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

This paper looks at how the English literature syllabus in Indian universities is still heavily influenced by the country's colonial past. Even today, most courses give more importance to British writers and Western ideas, while Indian and regional voices are often pushed to the side or offered only as optional papers. By studying different university syllabi, this paper shows how the structure of the courses, the choice of texts, and the way students are assessed still follow patterns set during colonial times. Although recent discussions talk about "decolonising" education, real change has been slow because the basic framework of the syllabus has not been updated. This study explains why this colonial burden continues and suggests practical steps universities can take to make the English syllabus more inclusive, balanced, and relevant for Indian students today.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Colonial burden; English syllabus; Indian universities; curriculum design; decolonisation; literature teaching

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The global ascent of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) promises enhanced efficiency and access to justice but poses profound challenges for governance, ethics, and fairness. This paper contends that the development of regulatory standards and ethical guardrails for ODR is not converging on a universal model but is instead fracturing along distinct philosophical and political lines. Through a comparative policy analysis of the United States, the European Union, China, and India, this study identifies four divergent governance paradigms: the decentralized, market-driven model of the U.S.; the rights-based, regulatory model of the EU; the state-integrated, stability-focused model of China; and the leapfrogging, access-to-justice model of India. The analysis shows that each jurisdiction's legal traditions and policy agendas define basic trade-offs between efficiency and due process, innovation and consumer protection, state control and individual rights, and scalability and inclusivity. The U.S. model prioritizes market innovation at the risk of power imbalances; the EU sets high rights standards while potentially stifling technological adoption; China achieves unprecedented scale through state control, raising transparency and data sovereignty concerns; and India's nascent, inclusive-focused model battles the digital divide. The article finds that fragmentation hinders cross-border dispute resolution and global digital justice. It suggests that future international standards should focus on a flexible framework of minimum core principles like algorithmic accountability, meaningful access, and interoperability that can accommodate different governance philosophies while maintaining fairness. The findings show that ODR governance's future is political and will affect the rule of law in the digital era.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), Regulatory Governance, Comparative Law, Access to Justice, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Ethics, United States, European Union, China, India.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Vinca species, especially Vinca minor and Catharanthus roseus, represent medicinally useful plants with a variety of bioactive indole alkaloids, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Vinca minor contains vincamine, which is a cerebrovasodilatory and neuroprotective alkaloid also in common use for cognitive disorders. On the other hand, Catharanthus roseus produces potent anticancer alkaloids such as vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, and vindesine. These represent a number of pharmacological activities that include cytotoxicity, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Recent phytochemical investigation has shown that environmental conditions seem to play a vital role in the alkaloid composition of Vinca plants; therefore, advanced techniques like chromatography and spectroscopy are needed to isolate and quantify bioactive metabolites. Therapeutic benefits from Vinca alkaloids have led to their current global application in cancerous disorders, hypertension, diabetes, dermatology, malaria, and microbial infections. At the same time, recent studies have highlighted vinflunine, and semisynthetic vincamine analogs possessing improved efficacy and safety. This review will provide an overview of the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical significance of Vinca alkaloids, which certainly represent an indispensable natural source in the ongoing development of novel drugs for neuroprotection, oncology, and modern herbal therapies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Alkaloids, Catharanthus Roseus, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Micropropagation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid advancements of financial technology (Fintech) have transformed the banking sector by offering faster, more accessible and user-friendly digital banking services. However, new technology often brings some difficulties and challenges. The banking sector also experiences these issues; this research study aims to examine the problems faced by the users in adopting fintech baking services. The study found that, complex and time-consuming registration process, lack of communication, transaction limit, inconvenient security measures, technical issues, high transaction cost, lack of awareness about fintech services are the common problems faced by the respondents in the study area.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key words: Fintech banking services, Challenges

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder marked by erythema, exudation, scaling, lichenification, and pruritus. Conventional therapies provide palliation but not lasting cure. In homoeopathy, skin manifestations are seen as external expressions of internal imbalance, requiring constitutional treatment with the similimum. Frequent repetition of partial similimum remedies may offer temporary relief but risks suppression or aggravation. Case: A 52-year-old female presented with chronic eczema on the posterior ankles for seven years, with itching, burning in the evening, and purulent discharge after scratching. The complaint followed marital discord, leading to grudge toward her husband. Initial prescriptions of Natrum muriaticum, Sulphur, and Natrum sulphuricum produced only transient improvement. On revisiting the case, the mental symptom of "grudge" guided the prescription of Ammonium muriaticum. Intervention & outcome: Ammonium muriaticum 200C was prescribed, resulting in significant improvement: itching subsided, cracks healed, and the patient reported mental relief and overall well-being. Sustained remission was observed in follow-ups. Discussion: This case illustrates the limitations of repeated partial similimum prescriptions, in contrast to the lasting results of the true similimum, correspond with Hahnemann's Organon and Kent's philosophy of cure. Conclusion: case analysis, precise interpretation of rubrics and prescription of the similimum based on the totality of symptoms are essential for lasting cure, whereas reliance on partial similimum only palliates.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Eczema, Homoeopathy, Similimum, Partial Similimum, Cure.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Financial Leverage; Debt-Equity Ratio; Financial Performance; ROA; Two-Way ANOVA; Pearson Correlation; Linear Regression.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

"Cross fit training", "Female Wrestler", "Cardiorespiratory fitness"

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Despite these successes, several challenges hinder the sector's sustainable growth like water quality management, high production costs, market access, etc. The study analyzes the economic viability and constraints of shrimp farming in inland saline water ponds in Sonipat district. Primary data were collected from 28 farmers through structured interviews, and enterprise performance was assessed using cost-return analysis, benefit- cost ratio, break-even analysis, and payback period. The results indicate that shrimp farming yields an average of 3,250.00 kg per acre per season, with gross returns of INR12.84 lakh and net income of INR4.86 lakh per acre. A benefit-cost ratio of 1.61 and a payback period of 1.07 years highlight the strong profitability and rapid recovery of investment. However, the sector faces significant challenges, particularly disease outbreaks, high feed costs, water quality management, labor shortages, and market fluctuations. The findings demonstrate that inland shrimp farming offers a profitable and sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture in saline-affected regions. Policy interventions addressing input costs, disease management, and capacity building are essential to enhance long-term sustainability and farmer resilience.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

inland saline water, Shrimp farming, cost and returns, payback period, BC ratio

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This work compares three techniques for reducing noise in MST radar I/Q data: Wiener filtering, Adaptive Bayesian Shrinkage, and a refined CNN that uses multi-head attention. MST radar echoes often weaken as they pass through atmospheric layers, where turbulence, refractive-index changes, and multipath introduce phase distortions, amplitude fluctuations, and broadband noise. These effects lower Doppler accuracy and affect the retrieval of atmospheric parameters. To test each method, real MST radar measurements and synthetic noisy signals were used. The CNN was trained with a combined loss that includes time-domain reconstruction and a spectral-consistency term, helping it retains Doppler patterns and stable instantaneous phase. Evaluation relied on RMSE, MAE, ?SNR, spectral coherence, cross-correlation, and phase error. Across all these measures, the CNN provided stronger denoising and better Doppler preservation than the other methods. Its balance between noise removal and signal fidelity makes it suitable for MST radar analysis.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

MST radar, Denoising methods, CNN, Bayesian shrinkage, Doppler retrieval

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The current healthcare landscape is moving from treating illnesses to focusing on overall wellness, with nutraceuticals playing an important role. Nutraceuticals are bioactive compounds in food that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. This review summarizes the latest evidence on how nutraceuticals address common lifestyle-related issues, including metabolic problems, heart diseases, joint degeneration, cognitive decline, and gut issues. We evaluate the scientific basis, laboratory studies, and human clinical trials for major categories of nutraceuticals: omega-3 fatty acids for heart health and reducing inflammation; dietary fibers that influence metabolism and blood sugar; polyphenols like curcumin and resveratrol that help manage inflammation and oxidative stress; glucosamine and chondroitin for supporting joint cartilage; probiotics that restore the balance of gut microbiomes; and adaptogenic herbs that boost resilience to stress. We also discuss challenges like the absorption of these compounds, the need for consistent quality, potential interactions with medications, and varying regulatory standards. The evidence shows that many nutraceuticals can deliver real benefits when properly tested. However, using them effectively requires professional guidance, strict quality control, and incorporation into wider lifestyle changes. Future research might focus on personalized nutrition based on genetics and targeted treatments for gut health.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, Metabolic Syndrome, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Curcumin, Probiotics, Chronic Disease Prevention, Phytochemicals.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition