Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Ayurveda is based on Tridosha, which means the theory of three elements of the universe. Vata, Pitta, and Kapha are the three doshas. The meaning of Vata is Wind, Pitta means Bile and Kapha means Phlegm. Those elements correspond to the tridosha that exists in the world, namely Air, Fire, and Water. Shaddharana Churna is a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation that has been described in the Samhitas like Sushrut Samhita, Ashtang Sangraham, Ashtang Hridayam, Madhava Nidana, Vrinda Madhava, Chakra Datta, Vangasena Samhita, Gada nigraha, Yoga Ratnakar, Brihat Nighantu Ratnakar, Yoga Chintamani, and Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Shaddharana Churna contains six drugs of equal quantities. They are Chitraka, Indrayava, Patha, Katuka, Ativisha, and Abhaya / Haritaki. Plants are the exclusive source of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. Each monograph integrates botanical identification (macroscopic & microscopic), pharmacognostic characters, physicochemical constants, phytochemical marker identification, extraction methods, standardized assay procedures (TLC/HPLC/UV), recommended tests for contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxins, microbial limits), and a summary of reported pharmacological actions and safety data. The work presents validated laboratory procedures for preparing hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts, provides marker-based standardization targets (e.g., guggulsterones for guggul; bacosides for brahmi; shatavarin-type saponins for shatavari), and proposes stability, storage, and labelling requirements to meet regulatory and clinical needs.

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 Keywords

Ayurveda, Monograph, Brahmi, Shatavari, Guggul

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Index Terms--Unit Disk Graph, In-Place Algorithms, Space Complexity, Bipartite Matching, Minimum Enclosing Circle, Maximum Clique, Computational Geometry, Wireless Networks.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective structural and functional interface that tightly regulates molecular transport between the bloodstream and the central nervous system, making brain drug delivery a major challenge. This review discusses the anatomy of the BBB, its cellular components--endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, the basement membrane, and microglia--and the junctional complexes that restrict paracellular permeability. Conventional drug delivery approaches remain limited due to restricted permeability, active efflux mechanisms, and a mismatch between in-vitro and in-vivo models. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed drug discovery and BBB transport research through improved target identification, molecular screening, de novo drug design, and drug repurposing. AI-driven models, including machine learning and deep learning, enhance the prediction of BBB permeability, optimize nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and integrate In-silico, in-vitro, and in-vivo datasets for better translational accuracy. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations and computational nanotoxicology provide insight into nanoparticle interactions with BBB membranes, aiding the rational design of nanocarriers capable of crossing the BBB. Despite these advancements, limitations remain due to biological complexity, dataset scarcity, and reduced interpretability of AI algorithms. Overall, integrating AI with experimental BBB models offers a promising path toward more efficient CNS drug development and targeted therapeutic delivery.

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artificial intelligence, blood-brain barrier (BBB), machine learning, de novo drug design, nanotoxicology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Dandruff is a common scalp disorder primarily associated with Malassezia species, abnormal keratinization, and inflammatory responses. Although synthetic agents such as ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium sulfide remain standard treatments, their long-term use is often limited by irritation and microbiome disruption. This review summarizes current research on the formulations, mechanisms, and efficacy of herbal anti-dandruff shampoos, highlighting their growing relevance as safer and multifunctional alternatives. Key herbal ingredients including neem, tea tree oil, rosemary, Aloe vera, hibiscus, amla, and tulsi demonstrate significant antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and sebum-regulating activities supported by in-vitro and clinical findings.Formulation strategies emphasize mild surfactant systems, standardized extracts, and optimized physicochemical properties to ensure stability and bioactivity. Comparative studies show that polyherbal shampoos can achieve reductions in dandruff severity similar to synthetic agents while offering superior scalp tolerance and user acceptability. Despite these advantages, gaps remain in extract standardization, large-scale clinical validation, and advanced delivery technologies. Overall, herbal anti-dandruff shampoos present an effective and sustainable approach for long-term scalp care, warranting further research to refine their therapeutic potential.

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Herbal shampoos, dandruff, Malassezia, antidandruff agents, phytochemicals, scalp microbiome

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The period from 1947 to 1967 marked a transformative phase in the socio-economic and educational progress of the Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes) in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. Following independence, the Indian government initiated several welfare schemes and legislative measures to abolish untouchability, promote equality, and enhance educational access. This paper traces the historical evolution of social reforms from the Poona Pact to the implementation of the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955, later known as the Protection of Civil Rights Act. It also examines government initiatives such as mid-day meal schemes, hostel facilities, scholarships, and reservation policies aimed at uplifting the Depressed Classes. Despite persistent social barriers and discrimination, these decades witnessed significant progress in literacy, employment, and representation of the Scheduled Castes in public life. The study concludes that the post-independence welfare policies laid the foundation for the socio-economic empowerment of marginalized communities in modern India.

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Depressed Classes, Scheduled Castes, Harijan Welfare, Untouchability, Poona Pact, Social Reform, Educational Upliftment, Tamil Nadu, Post-Independence India, Welfare Policy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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To find the sum of all real number exists in between two consecutive natural numbers

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Sum of all real number exists in between two consecutive natural numbers

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Orthogonal Time Frequency Space modulation stands out as a solid option for Beyond 5G and even 6G wireless systems. It works well in situations with high mobility. There OFDM runs into big problems from Doppler effects and carrier interference. This paper looks at OTFS in detail through setups in MATLAB and GNU Radio. The focus stays on how it handles the delay-Doppler domain. That comes from using two-dimensional ISFFT and SFFT transformations. They built an end-to-end transceiver prototype for OTFS. Key parts include QAM symbol mapping and delay-Doppler channel modeling. MMSE equalization fits in there too. The simulations turned out strong. OTFS holds up well against channels that change very fast over time. It keeps the constellation points clear even with Doppler shifts up to 1 kHz. They compared OTFS to OFDM in matching channel setups. OTFS came out ahead with lower bit-error rates and symbol-error rates. It also needed fewer pilot signals. Spectral efficiency improved as a result. These findings point to OTFS fitting right into ultra-reliable low-latency communication needs. It suits vehicle-to-vehicle systems as well. Fast mobility cases expected in 6G benefit from it too. The team shared an open-access platform using MATLAB and GNU Radio. That makes future research simpler for others. It opens doors for real-world builds on FPGA or SDR hardware.

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 Keywords

OTFS, OFDM, Delay-Doppler domain, High Doppler, 6G, B5G, MATLAB, GNU Radio, ISFFT/SFFT, MMSE equalization, V2V communication, URLLC, SDR, FPGA

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In this paper, we present a unified mathematical formulation of the governing equations relevant to convective instability problems in porous media, nanofluids, rotating convection, viscoelastic fluids, Maxwell fluids, and Oldroyd-B fluids. The basic equations, boundary conditions, and nondimensional parameters used throughout our Ph.D. research are clearly outlined. The model integrates the conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration under the Boussinesq approximation, incorporating buoyancy effects, viscous dissipation, Darcy-Brinkman resistance, anisotropic permeability, internal heat generation, Soret-Dufour diffusion, and non-Newtonian rheology where required. Key nondimensional groups including the Rayleigh, Darcy Rayleigh, Prandtl, Lewis, and Brinkman numbers are systematically defined. This generalized framework provides a flexible foundation capable of representing a wide range of classical and modern convective instability configurations. It can be adapted to layered systems, rotating environments, oscillatory heating, chemically reactive mixtures, and nanofluid flows. The formulation is intended to serve as a reference for future studies, enabling rigorous stability analysis and facilitating comparisons across diverse physical systems.

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Keywords: Convective instabilities, Governing equations, Boundary conditions, Nondimensional parameters, Porous media.

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The term "Shin O," meaning "Proverb" in English, serves as an effective mechanism that enhances clarity in communication between the sender and the receiver. The notion of "Shin O" exemplifies a distinctive integration of indigenous knowledge and practices in counseling psychology, illustrating the vital importance of cultural context in mental health. This methodology respects local practices and aims to establish a more inclusive framework for psychological support that aligns with indigenous communities. The Ao Naga community actively engages the Shin O, which significantly contributes to mental health counseling. The listener thus deeply resonates with its powerful influence. The proverbs imparted by the elders possess profound meaning, impacting the Indigenous community in numerous facets of life. Although it may be difficult for outsiders to comprehend, within the Ao Naga community, elders often employ Shin O when addressing individuals in private contexts and larger audiences during social events. Elders not only use the Shin O in their statements but also explain its importance by articulating their expectations in return, as they sincerely believe that individuals will derive lessons from it and experience personal transformation. The elders of the Ao Naga use Shin O to make their message more inspiring and therefore engage their audiences' attention. Shin O is distinguished by its ability to communicate truth through metaphor, making it relatable to people from all social classes. The current study employs a qualitative, conceptual approach.

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 Keywords

Counseling, Indigenous Approach, Shin O, Ao Naga

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Thrift stores play a significant role in promoting sustainable consumption by offering second-hand goods at affordable prices. These stores operate by collecting donated or low-cost used items such as clothing, furniture, electronics, and household essentials, which are then sorted, refurbished, and resold to the community. The increasing popularity of thrift shopping is driven by environmental awareness, economic benefits, and the growing appeal of vintage and upcycled products. Thrift stores help reduce waste, extend product lifecycles, and support charitable or non-profit activities through their revenue models. This abstract explores the functions, societal impact, and sustainability benefits of thrift stores, highlighting their importance within the circular economy and modern consumer culture.

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Thrift stores, Sustainable consumption, Second-hand goods, Circular economy, Waste reduction, Product lifecycle, Environmental awareness, Upcycling, Affordable pricing, Charitable organizations, Community support, Vintage products, Sustainable retail, Societal impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition