Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

To find the sum of all real number exists in between two consecutive natural numbers

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Sum of all real number exists in between two consecutive natural numbers

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Orthogonal Time Frequency Space modulation stands out as a solid option for Beyond 5G and even 6G wireless systems. It works well in situations with high mobility. There OFDM runs into big problems from Doppler effects and carrier interference. This paper looks at OTFS in detail through setups in MATLAB and GNU Radio. The focus stays on how it handles the delay-Doppler domain. That comes from using two-dimensional ISFFT and SFFT transformations. They built an end-to-end transceiver prototype for OTFS. Key parts include QAM symbol mapping and delay-Doppler channel modeling. MMSE equalization fits in there too. The simulations turned out strong. OTFS holds up well against channels that change very fast over time. It keeps the constellation points clear even with Doppler shifts up to 1 kHz. They compared OTFS to OFDM in matching channel setups. OTFS came out ahead with lower bit-error rates and symbol-error rates. It also needed fewer pilot signals. Spectral efficiency improved as a result. These findings point to OTFS fitting right into ultra-reliable low-latency communication needs. It suits vehicle-to-vehicle systems as well. Fast mobility cases expected in 6G benefit from it too. The team shared an open-access platform using MATLAB and GNU Radio. That makes future research simpler for others. It opens doors for real-world builds on FPGA or SDR hardware.

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OTFS, OFDM, Delay-Doppler domain, High Doppler, 6G, B5G, MATLAB, GNU Radio, ISFFT/SFFT, MMSE equalization, V2V communication, URLLC, SDR, FPGA

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In this paper, we present a unified mathematical formulation of the governing equations relevant to convective instability problems in porous media, nanofluids, rotating convection, viscoelastic fluids, Maxwell fluids, and Oldroyd-B fluids. The basic equations, boundary conditions, and nondimensional parameters used throughout our Ph.D. research are clearly outlined. The model integrates the conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration under the Boussinesq approximation, incorporating buoyancy effects, viscous dissipation, Darcy-Brinkman resistance, anisotropic permeability, internal heat generation, Soret-Dufour diffusion, and non-Newtonian rheology where required. Key nondimensional groups including the Rayleigh, Darcy Rayleigh, Prandtl, Lewis, and Brinkman numbers are systematically defined. This generalized framework provides a flexible foundation capable of representing a wide range of classical and modern convective instability configurations. It can be adapted to layered systems, rotating environments, oscillatory heating, chemically reactive mixtures, and nanofluid flows. The formulation is intended to serve as a reference for future studies, enabling rigorous stability analysis and facilitating comparisons across diverse physical systems.

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Keywords: Convective instabilities, Governing equations, Boundary conditions, Nondimensional parameters, Porous media.

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The term "Shin O," meaning "Proverb" in English, serves as an effective mechanism that enhances clarity in communication between the sender and the receiver. The notion of "Shin O" exemplifies a distinctive integration of indigenous knowledge and practices in counseling psychology, illustrating the vital importance of cultural context in mental health. This methodology respects local practices and aims to establish a more inclusive framework for psychological support that aligns with indigenous communities. The Ao Naga community actively engages the Shin O, which significantly contributes to mental health counseling. The listener thus deeply resonates with its powerful influence. The proverbs imparted by the elders possess profound meaning, impacting the Indigenous community in numerous facets of life. Although it may be difficult for outsiders to comprehend, within the Ao Naga community, elders often employ Shin O when addressing individuals in private contexts and larger audiences during social events. Elders not only use the Shin O in their statements but also explain its importance by articulating their expectations in return, as they sincerely believe that individuals will derive lessons from it and experience personal transformation. The elders of the Ao Naga use Shin O to make their message more inspiring and therefore engage their audiences' attention. Shin O is distinguished by its ability to communicate truth through metaphor, making it relatable to people from all social classes. The current study employs a qualitative, conceptual approach.

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Counseling, Indigenous Approach, Shin O, Ao Naga

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Thrift stores play a significant role in promoting sustainable consumption by offering second-hand goods at affordable prices. These stores operate by collecting donated or low-cost used items such as clothing, furniture, electronics, and household essentials, which are then sorted, refurbished, and resold to the community. The increasing popularity of thrift shopping is driven by environmental awareness, economic benefits, and the growing appeal of vintage and upcycled products. Thrift stores help reduce waste, extend product lifecycles, and support charitable or non-profit activities through their revenue models. This abstract explores the functions, societal impact, and sustainability benefits of thrift stores, highlighting their importance within the circular economy and modern consumer culture.

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Thrift stores, Sustainable consumption, Second-hand goods, Circular economy, Waste reduction, Product lifecycle, Environmental awareness, Upcycling, Affordable pricing, Charitable organizations, Community support, Vintage products, Sustainable retail, Societal impact.

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Fog and mist lower visibility and raise the risk of road crashes. India recorded more than 34,000 such crashes in 2022. AVPM provides a low-cost and light-independent method to estimate visibility. The system measures how fog weakens an ultrasonic signal. It records amplitude, humidity, and temperature. It feeds this data into machine learning models. These models predict visibility in meters and assign a hazard level through a Fog Hazard Index. The study covers the sensor design, the data collection plan, the model tests, and the index rules. Past research shows that sound loss in fog can be measured. AVPM builds on this finding and offers a path for field use in regions that face dense winter fog.

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Ultrasonic Attenuation, Fog Detection, Visibility Estimation, Machine Learning, Road Safety, Acoustic Sensing, Fog Hazard Index

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Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in dentistry, particularly for diagnosing oral mucosal lesions, yet awareness among dental professionals remains variable. Objective: To assess awareness and perceptions of AI in the diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions among dental practitioners. Methods: A descriptive, questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental professionals using a pre-validated Google Forms questionnaire. Demographic details and awareness-related responses were collected. Ethical approval was obtained, and participation was voluntary. Data were compiled in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). Results: Most participants demonstrated moderate awareness of AI applications in oral diagnosis, with notable variability in understanding specific functions, benefits, and limitations. While the majority recognized AI's potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, concerns regarding reliability and dependence persisted. Conclusion: Dental professionals display positive yet cautious attitudes toward AI. Targetededucational interventions are needed to improve knowledge, confidence, and integration of AI-based diagnostic tools into clinical practice.

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Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Oral mucosal lesions, Deep learning, Early diagnosis, Digital pathology

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In today's business world, integrating different organizational functions is crucial for lasting success. Among these functions, marketing and human resource management (HRM) are key to shaping a company's culture, attracting talented individuals, and promoting a positive employer brand. Marketing strategies, such as advertising, public relations, and social media campaigns, play a significant role in how an organization is viewed by its employees. Consistent messaging that reflects the company's values and culture helps build a positive employer brand. When HRM aligns its practices with marketing messages, it creates an environment where employees take pride in being part of the organization. This paper explores the relationship between marketing and HRM, emphasizing the role of marketing in shaping HR strategies and practices.

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KEYWORDS: marketing, human resources management, advertising, public relations, social media.

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Customer engagement has emerged as a central element in shaping how consumers perceive brands and make purchase-related decisions. It includes a wide spectrum of interactions--ranging from social media activity and advertisement exposure to product experience and customer service encounters. This study investigates the extent to which varying levels of engagement (low, medium, and high) influence purchase behaviour. The findings reveal that although engagement strengthens brand familiarity, emotional connection, and trust, its direct association with purchase likelihood is statistically insignificant. The study highlights that while highly engaged customers demonstrate stronger relationship-oriented behaviours, low-engagement users sometimes show comparable or even higher purchase tendencies based on situational factors. Additionally, challenges such as information overload, inconsistent communication, and message fatigue affect engagement outcomes.

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customer engagement; purchase behaviour; brand familiarity; emotional connection; trust; engagement levels; consumer decision-making; relationship marketing; information overload; message fatigue; communication consistency; situational purchase factors; digital interactions; customer experience

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 Abstract

Geriatric patients experience significant age-associated changes in bone physiology, including reduced mineral density, alveolar ridge resorption, cortical thinning, and alterations in collagen and trabecular architecture, which compromise skeletal strength and oral support for prostheses. Systemic conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes, and long-term medication use, along with local oral factors like thinning mucosa and decreased salivary flow, further affect prosthetic stability and healing. Maxillary and mandibular bone resorption follows distinct patterns, reducing retention and support for removable and fixed prostheses, while systemic and iatrogenic influences exacerbate ridge loss. Effective prosthodontic management requires a multidisciplinary, individualized approach integrating preventive strategies, conventional and modified prostheses, surgical interventions, and implant-supported solutions. Innovations in digital dentistry, advanced biomaterials, and regenerative therapies offer promising avenues for restoring bone volume, optimizing prosthetic outcomes, and improving function, comfort, and quality of life.

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Geriatric prosthodontics; Bone resorption; Alveolar ridge; Implant rehabilitation; Age-related Bone aging; Collagen.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition