Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Abstract: This study investigates the interplay between sustainable tourism dimensions and destination selection in Uttarakhand, a region of immense economic value yet extreme ecological fragility. A comprehensive review of recent literature highlights the severe challenges posed by mass tourism, including environmental degradation, infrastructural deficits, and the erosion of local cultural integrity. To understand the underlying structure of destination attractiveness, the study employed Factor Analysis on key sustainability indicators derived from the literature, grouping them into critical latent variables: Ecological Compliance, Community-Based Tourism and Empowerment, Infrastructural Quality, and Digital and Behavioural Trust. The factor analysis results confirm that tourists' destination choices are multi-dimensionally driven, with these sustainability factors significantly influencing perceived attractiveness. Specifically, factors related to robust Ecological Compliance (e.g., adherence to carrying capacity and effective waste management) and the quality of Community-Based Tourism initiatives (e.g., homestay service quality and local participation) emerged as paramount determinants for securing a competitive advantage. The findings underscore that the current mass tourism model is unsustainable and necessitates a paradigm shift. This paper concludes by advocating for a holistic governance framework. Key suggestions include prioritizing scientific regulation and decentralization of tourism, aggressive investment in core rural infrastructure and waste management systems, mainstreaming Community-Based Tourism by focusing on local empowerment and skills, and leveraging digital platforms to promote responsible tourist behaviour and build consumer trust. Implementing these measures is essential for transforming Uttarakhand's tourism sector into a resilient and viable model for future growth.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Sustainable Tourism, Destination Selection, Ecological Compliance, Community-Based Tourism, Infrastructural Quality

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Determining the blood group is a crucial step in medical diagnostics that guarantees the security and suitability of organ transplants, blood transfusions, and life-saving emergency treatments. Conventional blood typing procedures include laboratory-based reagent testing and invasive sample collection, which call for skilled workers, regulated settings, and labor-intensive procedures. These drawbacks emphasize the necessity of a non-invasive substitute that can produce dependable and quick results in a range of contexts. Using Infrared (IR) spectroscopy in conjunction with image processing and machine learning techniques, this project presents a novel method for blood group detection. Blood group-specific biochemical and structural characteristics are correlated with distinct patterns of light absorption and reflection that are revealed by infrared imaging, which captures the spectral characteristics of biological tissues, especially the hand and fingerprint regions. Significant features are then extracted from these IR spectral images using sophisticated image processing algorithms. These features are then fed into machine learning models that have been trained to categorize various blood types. By doing away with the necessity for physical blood collection, this non-invasive method lowers discomfort, biohazard risks, and logistical difficulties. It provides an economical, transportable, and effective solution that can be used in military operations, hospitals, remote healthcare facilities, and disaster response situations. The ultimate goal of this project is to transform diagnostic medicine by offering a quicker, safer, and easier way to identify blood groups.

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 Keywords

Blood Group Detection, Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy, Image Process, Light Absorption and Reflection, Machine Learning, Non - Invasive Technique.

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Sikkim's settlement patterns and housing have transformed significantly over the past five decades. Traditional dwellings--rooted in local materials and the cultural practices of Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali communities--are increasingly replaced by concrete structures shaped by modernization, mobility and changing aspirations. This paper outlines major vernacular house types, examines spatial and architectural shifts since the 1970s, and discusses the socio-cultural and environmental implications of this transition. The analysis highlights the need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge into contemporary planning for culturally grounded, climate

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settlement, vernacular-traditional settlement, housing transformation, Bhutia, Lepcha, Nepali, Sikkim house types.

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Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of skin damage, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Although conventional sunscreens containing synthetic UV filters are widely used, concerns related to skin irritation, long-term safety, and environmental toxicity have increased interest in herbal alternatives. Herbal sunscreens utilize plant-derived bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that provide photoprotection through multiple mechanisms, including UV absorption, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and enhancement of skin barrier function. This review critically discusses the role of ultraviolet radiation in skin damage, the concept and classification of sunscreens, and the photoprotective potential of herbal ingredients. The mechanisms of action, advantages, formulation challenges, and evaluation methods of herbal sunscreens are systematically reviewed based on existing scientific literature. Additionally, current research gaps related to standardization, stability, SPF optimization, and clinical validation are highlighted, along with future research directions. Overall, herbal sunscreens represent a promising and eco-friendly approach to photoprotection; however, further research and technological advancements are required to improve their efficacy and regulatory acceptance.

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Herbal sunscreens; Photoprotection; Ultraviolet radiation; Antioxidants; Plant-based cosmetics; Skin protection

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Post-harvest losses in fruits and vegetables due to improper storage remain a major challenge for rural farmers, especially in off-grid areas with unreliable electricity. This research presents a Smart IoT-Based Solar Powered Refrigerator designed to provide sustainable cold storage using solar energy and intelligent monitoring. The system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, DS18B20 temperature sensors, an MQ-6 gas sensor, Peltier cooling modules, and a solar charging unit with battery backup. Real-time monitoring is achieved through a locally hosted IoT dashboard and LCD interface. The system automatically regulates cooling, monitors spoilage gases, and manages battery health, significantly reducing losses and enhancing produce shelf life. This paper discusses the system design, implementation, results, and feasibility for rural agricultural deployment.

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IoT monitoring, Solar refrigeration, ESP32, Peltier cooling, Agricultural storage, Battery management, MQ-6 sensing, Smart farming.

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Chosen the research topic "Study on Currency Trends and Volatility in the Forex Market" under the guidance of CA Dr. Das. The foreign exchange (forex) market plays a pivotal role in the global economy, acting as the backbone for international trade and financial transactions. This research explores how currency values shift over time and what causes those changes, with a specific focus on market trends and volatility. It delves into the influence of key economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, central bank decisions, and geopolitical developments on the movement of major currency pairs. It also offers a broader perspective on managing risks associated with forex trading by interpreting market signals and economic indicators with greater accuracy. This study investigates the relationship between currency trends and volatility in the foreign exchange (forex) market, focusing on five major currency pairs It tests the hypothesis that currency trends significantly affect market volatility. Through statistical tools and technical indicators, the research analyzes historical data to assess patterns and deviations. The findings contribute to better forecasting and risk management in forex trading.

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Forex Market, Exchange Rate Volatility, RSI, SMA, Currency Trends, Macroeconomic Determinants, Risk Management

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Land Revenue Administration of Colonial Rule in Dakshina Kannada Article meticulously details how the Colonial rule transition of Dakshina Kannada and after fundamentally reshaped its governance, particularly its revenue administration. In sum, the colonial administration successfully streamlined the collection of revenue through the Ryotwari system, making it a major source of income. However, it did so at the steep cost of agricultural prosperity and completely neglected regional welfare. The legacy of over-assessment, debt bondage, and tenant insecurity laid the foundation for the region's economic distress in independent India were compelled to address.

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Kanara, Dakshina Kannada, Colonialism, Land Revenue administration, land tenures, Ryotwari Sysyem, Thomas Munro

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The prompt augmentation of digital payment systems has transformed the financial landscape, offering new opportunities to enhance financial inclusion, especially in developing economies. This study examines the transformative impact of digital payment systems on financial inclusion, defined as the accessible and affordable availability of formal financial services to underserved and excluded populations. In an era of rapid technological advancement, digital payments including mobile money, digital wallets, and online banking platforms are widely posited as critical tools for bridging the financial access gap. The findings indicate that digital payment systems significantly contribute to financial inclusion by enabling easier account usage, fostering savings habits, and improving access to credit and government welfare transfers. The research concludes that strengthening digital infrastructure, promoting financial literacy, and ensuring regulatory support are essential for maximizing the inclusive potential of digital payment systems.

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Digital Payments, Financial Inclusion, Mobile Money, FinTech, Financial Access, Digital Infrastructure, Financial Literacy.

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Background: Botulinum toxin (Botox) has gained significant application in both therapeutic and aesthetic dentistry. However, awareness and understanding among undergraduate dental students remain inconsistent. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of Botulinum toxin among undergraduate dental students, focusing on its applications, safety, and educational relevance. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2025 among 129 dental students at a private dental college in Chennai. Data were collected using a structured, prevalidated online questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft Excel to determine percentage distributions. Results: The majority of participants (97.7%) had heard of Botox, primarily through social media (20.9%). While awareness of cosmetic applications was high, knowledge regarding therapeutic uses and safety aspects was moderate. Most students (67.4%) supported curricular inclusion, and 77.5% expressed interest in further training. Conclusion: The study highlights strong awareness but limited clinical understanding, emphasizing the need for structured Botox education and ethical training in dental curricula.

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Botulinum toxin, Dental students, Awareness, Aesthetic dentistry, Curriculum integration

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nutraceuticals come from food. substances can offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. They may consist of minerals, vitamins, plants, or other bioactive substances. This abstract explores how Nutraceuticals might treat health concerns, cover nutritional gaps, and avoid chronic diseases. Popular Nutraceuticals include omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.To choose the correct Nutraceutical, visit a healthcare practitioner, investigate reputed products, and carefully read labels.Nutraceuticals should be used as a supplement, not in place of a healthy diet and lifestyle.

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Deficiencies in Nutraceuticals, probiotics, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, disease prevention, and functional foods.

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