Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Movies are powerful because they help people understand the world around them. For a long time in Indian films, transgender people were not shown in a fair or respectful way. They were sometimes used for comedy, fear, or jokes. In Tamil cinema, this problem was very common. But between the years 2015 and 2024, things started to change. Some new movies began to show transgender people as real human beings with emotions, dreams, and struggles. This paper looks at four Tamil movies from this time: Aruvi (2017), Peranbu (2018), Super Deluxe (2019), and Paava Kadhaigal (2020). By studying these films, we can see how transgender characters are shown, what kind of stories they get, and how they are treated in the film world. The study found that movies today are getting better at showing transgender lives honestly, but there are still problems. Some films still show transgender people mainly through pain or sad events. Also, many transgender characters are still played by actors who are not transgender. The paper ends by saying that Tamil cinema is improving but must continue to include transgender voices and give them more meaningful roles

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 Keywords

Keywords: transgender, Tamil cinema, movies, representation, identity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

शोध-सारांश: वर्तमान भारत में सामाजिक न्याय सर्वाधिक प्रमुख राजनीतिक वायदों में सर्वोच्च है। देश के हर क्षेत्र की पार्टी इसे सुनिश्चित करने के नाम पर चुनाव में उतरती है। आश्चर्यजनक रूप से इस मुद्दे को लोगों का जबर्दस्त समर्थन भी मिलता है। लेकिन अन्य भारतीय राज्यों की तमाम कोशिशों के बावजूद इसे सुनिश्चित करने में वैसी सफलता नहीं मिली, जैसी सफलता तमिलनाडु में मिली है। सामाजिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित करने में तमिलनाडु को मिली सफलता कई मायनों में अद्वितीय है, क्योंकि वहाँ स्वतन्त्रता-प्राप्ति से पहले और स्वतन्त्रता-प्राप्ति के बाद के दिनों में भी यह सर्वोच्च मुद्दा रहा। ऐसी कोशिश भारत के अन्य किसी राज्य में देखने को नहीं मिलती है। जहाँ हर भारतीय राज्य में कमोबेश स्वतन्त्रता-पूर्व की क्षेत्रीय पार्टियों को कांग्रेस ने दरकिनार कर दिया था, वहीं तमिलनाडु में जस्टिस पार्टी ने कांग्रेसी प्रभुत्व का भरपूर सामना किया और अपने शासन के दौरान सामाजिक न्याय को सुनिश्चित करने के हर वो प्रयास किए जो आजादी के बाद के दिनों में भी अनुकरणीय बन गये। इस पार्टी ने अपने तमाम राजनीतिक मुद्दे में सामाजिक न्याय को सबसे ऊपर रखा और इसे जमीन पर उतारने की आदर्श रणनीतियाँ अपनाईं जिसकी बदौलत आज तक इस राज्य ने विकास और गुणवत्ता में अन्य राज्यों को पछाड़ रखा है। ऐसा नहीं है कि यह उपलब्धि सिर्फ जस्टिस पार्टी के हिस्से की हो, इसमें अन्य कारक और परिस्थितियाँ भी जिम्मेदार रही थीं। बावजूद इसके जस्टिस पार्टी ने अपने नामानुरूप कार्य किया और इस क्षेत्र में मील का पत्थर साबित हुई। प्रस्तुत शोध-आलेख में अध्येता द्वारा इस पार्टी के द्वारा अपनाई गई गैर-ब्राहमण वैचारिकी, क्रियान्वित किए गए कार्यक्रमों और तमाम उपलब्धियों के बावजूद एक समय के बाद इसके अवसान का वस्तुनिष्ठ अध्ययन किया जाएगा।

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 Keywords

कुंजी शब्द: सामाजिक न्याय, जस्टिस पार्टी, गैर-ब्राह्मणवाद, तमिलनाडु, कांग्रेस, आत्म-सम्मान आंदोलन,आर्थिक विकास-सह-गुणवत्ता, राजनीतिक प्रभुत्व, मद्रास प्रेसीडेंसी।

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In contemporary education, teachers are expected to function not only as subject experts but also as competent users of media and digital technologies. Media competency has emerged as a vital professional skill, enabling teachers to effectively use digital tools, engage learners, communicate information, and promote ethical and safe media practices. The present study aimed to assess the level of media competency among pre-service teachers and to examine differences based on residential background, stream of graduation, and teaching experience. The study was conducted on a sample of 1,568 pre-service teachers enrolled in the two-year B.Ed. programme across colleges in Jaipur. A Media Competency Assessment Tool developed by the researcher was employed to assess four dimensions: technical skills, media interaction and communication, pedagogical application, and ethical and safe media use. Descriptive statistical techniques were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that most pre-service teachers exhibited a moderate level of media competency, while a substantial proportion demonstrated low competency levels. Urban students, science graduates, and those with prior teaching experience showed comparatively higher media competency. The study underscores the need for systematic and practice-oriented media training within teacher education programmes to better prepare future teachers for digitally enriched classrooms.

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Pre-service Teachers; Teacher Education; Digital Skills; Media Ethics; B.Ed. Programme

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Digital health technologies have the potential to significantly strengthen primary health care (PHC) delivery in rural settings by improving access, efficiency, continuity of care, and health outcomes. Tools such as telemedicine, mobile health applications, electronic health records, and digital decision-support systems can help overcome geographical barriers, workforce shortages, and information gaps that disproportionately affect rural populations. Despite this promise, adoption and sustained use of digital health solutions in rural primary health care remain uneven and limited. This paper examines the major barriers and enabling factors influencing digital health adoption among rural populations within PHC settings. Drawing on existing literature, policy documents, and implementation experiences, the study identifies infrastructural limitations, low digital literacy, workforce constraints, socio-cultural and economic challenges, privacy concerns, and weak system-level governance as key barriers. Conversely, improved connectivity, affordable and appropriate technologies, user-centered design, capacity building for health workers, community engagement, supportive policy frameworks, and sustainable financing mechanisms emerge as critical enablers. The findings highlight that digital health adoption is not solely a technological issue but a socio-technical process shaped by human behavior, institutional capacity, and contextual realities. The paper concludes that equity-oriented, context-sensitive, and system-integrated digital health strategies are essential for strengthening rural primary health care and ensuring inclusive health system transformation.

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Digital Health, Rural Population, Primary Health Care, Barriers, Enablers, Technology Adoption, Health Equity, mHealth, Telemedicine.

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Inconel 625 is widely used in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries owing to its exceptional corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength; however, its poor machinability and moderate wear resistance limit broader structural applications. Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offer a cost-effective route for fabricating large-scale Inconel 625 components but tailoring their surface and bulk properties through in-situ reinforcement remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by incorporating Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles (1-4 wt.%) into the melt pool using a dedicated powder feeder during vertical WAAM deposition, enabling uniform reinforcement without disrupting the process. The effect of TiC addition on hardness, tensile behavior, impact toughness, and wear resistance was systematically investigated. Hardness increased steadily with reinforcement, reaching 342.8 HV at 4 wt.% TiC (~22% higher than the base alloy), while ultimate tensile strength improved by 8-12%, with a peak value of 712.8 MPa for 3 wt.% TiC. Pin-on-disc tests under 1- 3 kg loads showed up to ~32% reduction in cumulative wear loss compared to the unreinforced alloy, confirming the role of TiC in enhancing surface durability. However, impact toughness decreased by 15-56% with increasing TiC content, indicating a trade-off between strengthening and ductility. These findings demonstrate that in-process TiC reinforcement during WAAM provides a robust pathway to simultaneously improve mechanical performance and wear resistance of Inconel 625, expanding its applicability in demanding engineering environments.

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 Keywords

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Ceramic Powder, Layer by Layer manufacturing, Inconel 625.

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The demand for sustainable and high-performance roofing materials has intensified due to the environmental and mechanical limitations of asbestos, cement sheets and galvanized iron (GI). This study investigates a hybrid composite reinforced with basalt, hemp and banana fibres using LY556 epoxy, fabricated through the hand lay-up method in 3 mm and 5 mm thicknesses. Mechanical and physical evaluations, including tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness and water absorption were conducted according to ASTM standards. A material-properties-driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) optimization methodology was applied to identify the most suitable stacking sequence by considering tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, cost, availability and sustainability. This approach identified Basalt-Hemp-Banana for the 3 mm laminate and a symmetric Basalt-Hemp-Banana-Hemp-Basalt configuration for the 5 mm laminate. The 5 mm optimized laminate demonstrated improved performance compared to asbestos and cement roofing materials, achieving a tensile strength of 88 MPa and a flexural strength of 158 MPa, exceeding the values reported for asbestos and cement roofing materials. The laminate exhibited a Shore D hardness of 70 and a low water absorption of 0.73%, indicating strong durability and suitability for humid climates. The results confirm that the optimized hybrid composite is a viable, lightweight and eco-friendly alternative to selected conventional roofing solutions.

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Basalt, Banana, Hemp, Epoxy resin LY556, Roofing panels, Hybrid composite.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Tool wear monitoring is a critical requirement in CNC machining to ensure dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and uninterrupted production while minimizing tooling costs and downtime. Conventional monitoring techniques largely rely on manual inspection or rule-based signal processing, which limits their effectiveness for continuous and autonomous operation. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a viable solution for data-driven tool condition monitoring using indirect sensor measurements. This study explores deep learning-based approaches--namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and a hybrid CNN-LSTM architecture--for vibration-based tool wear classification. The proposed hybrid model integrates convolutional feature extraction with sequential temporal learning to capture both localized signal characteristics and long-term wear evolution. Signal preprocessing strategies, including down-sampling, batch normalization, and sequence standardization, are applied to improve training stability and model robustness. Experimental results obtained from a benchmark brownfield CNC milling dataset demonstrate that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model consistently outperforms standalone CNN and LSTM models, indicating its suitability for practical predictive maintenance applications in Industry 4.0 environments.

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CNC machining, tool wear, deep learning, CNN, LSTM, Industry 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance engineering materials has increased interest in hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers and nanomaterials. In this study, the mechanical behavior of hybrid composites reinforced with sisal and hemp fibers as primary reinforcements and silicon dioxide (SiO?) nanoparticles as secondary reinforcement is investigated. Natural fibers offer advantages such as low density, biodegradability, and cost effectiveness, while SiO? nanoparticles enhance interfacial bonding and improve load transfer within the epoxy matrix. Composite laminates with different epoxy weight fractions were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique followed by compression moulding and vacuum degassing. The composites were cured at room temperature under applied pressure to ensure uniform dispersion and reduced void content. The fabricated specimens were evaluated for mechanical and thermal properties, including hardness, tensile strength and elongation. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of SiO? nanoparticles along with natural fibers significantly improves the mechanical performance of the composites, making them suitable for lightweight and environmentally sustainable structural applications.

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Hybrid composites; Sisal fiber; Hemp fiber; SiO? nanoparticles; Mechanical properties

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Liquid Chromatography (LC) remains the cornerstone of pharmaceutical analysis, but the demands for higher throughput, complex molecule analysis, and sustainability have driven a profound technological transformation. This review comprehensively examines the critical trends defining modern LC. The shift to Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and core-shell technology has delivered superior speed and resolution by leveraging sub-2 ?m particles. Concurrently, the coupling of LC with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has become indispensable for unknown impurity identification and the characterization of complex biopharmaceuticals via the Multi-Attribute Method (MAM). Methodological advancements are anchored by Quality by Design (QbD), utilizing statistical tools like Design of Experiments (DoE) to create robust, regulatory-compliant analytical methods. Furthermore, the commitment to Green Analytical Chemistry is realized through the adoption of techniques like Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), significantly reducing organic solvent consumption. Future trends point towards greater automation, integration of Artificial Intelligence, and continued miniaturization to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex drug pipeline. The development of these chromatographic techniques and their vital significance in pharmaceutical process optimization, product quality assurance, and regulatory compliance throughout the drug development lifecycle will be covered in this study. This review provides the state of the art of green analytical methodologies for environmental analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment with special emphasis on strategies for greening liquid chromatography (LC).

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LC-MS, UHPLC, Green Chromatography, QbD, SFC, Chiral Separation, HRMS

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The world has many different languages. A language is composed of numerous words. Word formation is what those invented words are known as.Word formation is the process of forming new words or developing old words by adding or deleting syllables. Many terms in many languages around the world are changing significantly, and many more are going extinct. In addition to this, however, a lot of new terms are being created. There are now a lot of new words being created or coined, even within the Kokborok language. A language evolves through word development, and concurrently, its culture advances through this language. . However, there are differences in the ways these words are formed. One way to create new words or add something to existing ones is by using affixes.For example ,Phw/Prefix-rwng/Root-nai/Suffix= Phwrwngnai(Teacher). We can form a new word by combining words with different meanings. For example,mai/rice-dul/round=maidul, tok/bird-thu/Sleep=tokthu(A kind of bird), thai- pung=thaipung. Creating words in this way can be called compounding. There are many such compounding words in the kokborok language. The process of forming a new word by repeating a word or part of it, sometimes with a slight change in sound or vowel is called Reduplication. Ex,Philik-Phalak(naughty and such), Siring-Siring(silence). In the Kokborok language, the number of native words is limited compared to more widely developed languages and because of this, many borrowed words are used especially from Bengali.

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 Keywords

Affixes, Reduplication, Lone words, Compounding, root verb etc

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition