Volume 12 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Currency counterfeiting has become one of the threats to the economy of a country. This is more severe in cash based economies while systems relying on more sophisticated forms of currency are less prone to loses due to counterfeiting. For any of the economies to be stable, there universality of acceptance of one standard currency. This in turn ensures absence of the phenomenon of currency counterfeiting. Such techniques how ever are expensive as well as labor intensive. The primary focus of this paper then is to analyze deep learning algorithms, specifically GAN Ensemble Models, in the counterfeiting of Indian currency. However, the methodology proposed in this paper has put aside economics, and focuses instead on physics and computer vision techniques such as Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). It focuses on enhancing image quality in an efficient manner. Experimental results reveal that the accuracy achieved by GAN networks enhanced by CLAHE surpassed the results achievable from regular CNN models with a margin of more than percent which means that such methods are capable of being implemented in practice as viable and cost effective solutions to the emerging problem of counterfeiting.

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 Keywords

GAN, CNN, CLAHE

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The need for efficient and effective classification of drivers has arisen due to the growing usage of autonomous vehicles and enhanced telematics systems. A CNN-LSTM hybrid model is proposed in this paper to assess how drivers' operational time series data can be clustered into driving behaviors of normal, aggressive, or conservative within the context of time series. CNN encodes important information in the dataset while LSTM modules identify trends in longitudinal datasets. The extension of the model with Bidirectional LSTM (BI-LSTM) is also explained in the work to warrant further improvements in performance. The model is trained and tested on the Driver Style Classification dataset obtained from Kaggle. Many trials have been conducted and results have shown that the CNN-LSTM model has an accuracy of 99.03% while the accuracy of the implanted CNN-LSTM-BI-LSTM model is 99.58%. This research proposes a satisfying solution to the problem of driving styles' classification with its possible implement in self-driving cars or in driver's security systems.

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 Keywords

LSTM, BI-LSTM, CNN

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Fertilizers and pesticides are essential for enhancing agricultural productivity and their consumption are influenced by various factors such as irrigation, high-yielding seeds, credit availability, cropping patterns, and nutrient requirements. The primary objective of the study is to analyze fertilizer (NPK) and pesticides consumption trends in Haryana (2000-2021). The study emphasizes the need to ensure proper fertilizer (NPK) and pesticides distribution to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Haryana.

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 Keywords

Agriculture, Fertilizers, Productivity, Pesticides, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash.

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Environment protection is a major concern that's why Green Accounting becomes very popular term for environmental and natural resource accounting. Green accounting plays an important role to make balance between environment protection and economic development. It is also called environment accounting. It is a new system of accounting which records costs and a tool which express the damages from the business activities and the benefits from the natural environment. It focused on factors like resource management and environmental impact. For the developing country like India, there is a need to save environment and economic development. The present research paper concentrates on various practices of green accounting and importance of green accounting. This study has been undertaken to compare the green accounting practices of Tata Consultancy Company and Tech Mahindra. In this study, five sustainability reports of both companies are examined on the various parameters.

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 Keywords

Green Accounting, Environmental accounting, Economic development, TCS, Tech Mahindra.

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Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) are essential in areas such as industrial automation, environmental monitoring, and instrumentation. This paper describes the design and implementation of a low-cost, real-time data acquisition system based on the ARM Cortex-M3 LPC1768 microcontroller. The proposed system can collect data from multiple analog input channels, process the acquired signals, and transmit the information to a computer or an IoT server through USB or serial communication. The system utilizes the built-in peripherals of the LPC1768, including Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), timers, and UART interfaces, to ensure efficient data acquisition and communication. The developed system offers a reliable, flexible, and cost-effective solution for real-time monitoring applications.

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 Keywords

LPC 1768 (CORTEX-M3), Embedded systems, Data Acquisition, 16X2 LCD, sensors

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The rapid diffusion of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has fundamentally altered the architecture of criminal harm by enabling scalable, low-cost, and highly realistic forms of digital misconduct. While existing legal frameworks nominally extend to such harms, they remain conceptually fragmented and doctrinally strained when applied to AI-mediated conduct. This article addresses this gap by developing a structured taxonomy of GenAI-enabled criminality, distinguishing between misinformation, fraud and identity theft, hate speech, and sexual offences, while recognizing deepfakes as a cross-cutting modality. Adopting a comparative doctrinal approach, the study analyses regulatory and criminal law responses in the United States, the European Union, and India. It argues that contemporary legal systems rely excessively on analogical extension of pre-existing offences. The article advances a taxonomy-driven framework for legal classification and proposes a recalibration of liability principles to address intent, agency, and harm in AI-mediated environments. It concludes that without doctrinal refinement and targeted regulatory intervention, criminal law risks both under-inclusivity and overreach in responding to synthetic harms.

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Mapping Criminal Harm in Generative AI: A Taxonomy-Based Legal Framework

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We report the fabrication and comprehensive characterization of high-performance photodetectors based on mechanically exfoliated few-layer Gallium Selenide (GaSe) nanoflakes. A Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) architecture with carefully engineered Schottky contacts was employed to suppress dark current and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The devices exhibit a broadband photoresponse spanning from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, with particularly strong responsivity in the visible spectrum. Most notably, power-dependent photocurrent measurements reveal a linear power-scaling relationship, I_ph?P^?,??1, indicating efficient, trap-free carrier transport within the GaSe channel. This exceptional carrier dynamics, combined with the material's direct bandgap nature and broad spectral response, positions GaSe as a promising candidate for next-generation two-dimensional optoelectronic applications.

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 Keywords

Gallium Selenide (GaSe), Photodetector, Power Dependence, Spectral Response, Optoelectronics, 2D Materials

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Deendayal and Swadeshi

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Deendayal and Swadeshi

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India's policy has always been to cultivate friendly and harmonious relations with its neighbours. The importance of neighbouring countries for maintaining balance in South and Southeast Asia is crucial for India from a geopolitical perspective. India has consistently strived to strengthen its ties with its neighbours through cooperation and agreements. India's neighbours include Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. India's relations with these countries are developing through cooperation and trade in various sectors. Several factors underpin this policy, one of which is promoting regional stability and security. Furthermore, India aims to boost its economic development by strengthening economic ties with its neighbouring countries. India has historically maintained cordial relations with its neighbour, Bangladesh. The two countries are partners in cultural exchange, trade, and security matters. However, the recent political turmoil in Bangladesh has created instability in these relations. Since the ousting of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the formation of a new interim government, a shift has been observed in India-Bangladesh relations. It is crucial for India to maintain a delicate balance during this period and cultivate positive political and diplomatic relations with Bangladesh, a country located in Southeast Asia, as this is essential for the overall political stability of the entire Southeast Asian region.

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 Keywords

Neighbouring Countries, South-east Asia, Regional Stability, Cultural Exchange, India-Bangladesh Relations.

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In the electronic era Information Communication Technology is playing vital role in the education system. In this regard the researcher has conducted a survey on usage of ICT based information resources and services by the faculty of the P.G. Center of Davangere University. The researcher has structured a questionnaire and distributed to the faculty members of the P.G. Centers. In the survey the researcher found that, all the 100% users are using ICT applications, 65% of the users are having average computer literacy. Few of the electronic based information are available in their library and information center. Regarding e-consortium all the faculty members are aware, as per the study UGC Infonet consortium is very familiar to the users. The researcher suggested and recommended that, user's awareness and proper training has to be provided to the users for an effective use of ICT based information services.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Use of ICT Based Information, P.G. Centers, Davangere University.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition