Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Anita Desai's short story A Devoted Son offers a poignant exploration of the intricate dynamics between familial duty and personal autonomy within the Indian cultural context. This paper delves into the nuanced portrayal of the parent-child relationship. It focuses on the evolving bond between Rakesh, a dutiful son and accomplished doctor, and his ageing father, Varma. Through a critical analysis, the study examines how Desai articulates the tensions arising from generational expectations, the shifting roles within the family structure, and the psychological complexities that accompany ageing and caregiving. By integrating textual evidence and scholarly interpretations, the paper elucidates the delicate balance between respect, control, and compassion, ultimately questioning the true essence of devotion in familial relationships. In doing so, the paper not only underscores the emotional burden that filial piety can impose but also highlights the unspoken emotional rift that can develop within families when love becomes obligation and care transforms into control. , he story begins with Rakesh achieving academic excellence and his family celebrating his success. As Rakesh's career progresses, he becomes a renowned doctor, but his father's health deteriorates, leading to a shift in their dynamics. Rakesh, once an obedient and loving son, transforms into a controlling figure, imposing strict dietary restrictions and medication on his father. Despite the elderly Varma's pleas for a more relaxed approach to his health, Rakesh remains adamant. The story concludes with a poignant scene where Varma rejects Rakesh's medication, symbolizing his desire for a peaceful departure.

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: Familial duty, parent-child relationship, ageing, filial piety, Indian culture

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Pharmaceutical products are vulnerable to degradation during manufacturing, storage, and distribution, which can adversely affect their safety, efficacy, and quality. Forced degradation (stress testing) is a systematic approach used during drug development to deliberately degrade active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products under exaggerated conditions such as hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic, thermal, and humidity stress. Data generated from these studies support the development of stability-indicating analytical methods (SIAMs) that can selectively quantify the intact drug in the presence of its degradation products and impurities. Impurity profiling, which involves the detection, identification, characterization, and quantification of process- and degradation-related impurities, is essential to comply with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) impurity guidelines and to ensure patient safety. This review summarizes the scientific principles of forced degradation, typical stress conditions, degradation mechanisms, and their relevance in understanding the intrinsic stability of drug substances. It further discusses the development and validation of stability-indicating methods, with emphasis on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and other hyphenated techniquesforimpurity profiling.Regulatory expectations from ICH Q1A(R2), Q1B, Q2(R1), Q3A(R2), and Q3B(R2), as well as USFDA and pharmacopeial recommendations, are highlighted. Concepts of mass balance and case studies on stability- indicating method development are also presented. Emerging trends such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, two-dimensional chromatography, chemometrics, and risk-based impurity assessment are briefly reviewed. Forced degradation and robust stability-indicating methods together form the backbone of impurity profiling strategies that ensure safe, effective, and stable pharmaceutical products throughout their shelf life.

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Forced degradation; stress testing; stability-indicating method; impurity profiling; degradation products; HPLC; LC-MS; ICH guidelines; mass balance; drug stability

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Ensuring pharmaceutical product quality and safety requires robust analytical methodologies throughout the drug development and manufacturing processes. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy has emerged as a fundamental analytical technique in pharmaceutical laboratories due to its operational simplicity, high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory acceptance. This review provides a comprehensive examination of UV spectroscopic applications specifically focused on pharmaceutical quality control and impurity detection. The fundamental principles of light absorption, the Beer-Lambert law, and electronic transitions in molecules are discussed in detail. Various pharmaceutical applications including compound identification, quantitative assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients, detection and quantification of impurities, analysis of degradation products, and dissolution testing are extensively reviewed. Method validation approaches aligned with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines are elaborated, incorporating specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, and robustness parameters. Regulatory compliance requirements established by major pharmacopeial standards including United States Pharmacopeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP), and related standards are discussed. The advantages and limitations of UV spectroscopy are critically analyzed, and emerging applications including diode array detection, chemometric integration, and process analytical technology are highlighted. This review demonstrates the continued significance of UV spectroscopy in pharmaceutical quality assurance and its substantial role in contemporary pharmaceutical analysis.

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Uv- spectroscopy, pharmaceutical analysis, quality control, impurity detection, method validation, drug assay.

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Abstract In recent studies, quantum computing has turned out as a new paradigm of computation and has been able to solve the problems with many classes of problems that are still unsolvable by ordinary classical machines. In contrast to the commutative architecture of binary computing, which needs bits being limited to either zero or one, quantum computing utilizes superposition, entanglement and unitary evolution, which permit computations on exponentially large spaces. This article provides a systematic coverage of the literal principles, quantum mathematical procedures, computer tumult, and the recent applications of the quantum technologies. It further examines the constraints of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices and explains the possible ways that could be taken to achieve scalable, fault-tolerant architecture. The review highlights the importance of continuous interdisciplinary cooperation between physics, engineering, and computer science solutions that make quantum computing a feasible idea.

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Keywords: Quantum Computing, Qubits, Superposition, Quantum Algorithms, NISQ

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One of the most revolutionary areas of contemporary pharmaceutical science is nanotechnology, which provides creative ways to get around the drawbacks of traditional drug delivery methods. Poor water solubility, instability, low bioavailability, quick metabolism, and limited absorption of numerous phytoconstituents are some of the difficulties faced by herbal medicine, despite its reputation for therapeutic efficacy, safety, and cultural acceptance. One potential solution to these issues is the use of nanotechnology in herbal preparations. The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medications can be greatly increased by encasing or delivering herbal actives through nanoparticles like polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsions, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, and phytosomes. These nanosystems increase solubility, preserve bioactives from degradation, allow deep penetration into tissues, prolong systemic circulation, and provide controlled. Additionally, the "green synthesis" of nanoparticles can be made eco-friendly and biocompatible by using plant extracts as natural reducing and stabilising agents. The foundations, varieties, preparation processes, characterisation methods, benefits, difficulties, and wide range of therapeutic uses of nanoparticles in herbal medicine are the main topics of this review. By combining nanotechnology with traditional herbal knowledge, new treatment approaches that are safer, more effective, more scientifically advanced can be developed.

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Herbal Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Herbal Nanoparticles, Nano-Drug Delivery Systems, Phytochemicals, Bioavailability Enhancement, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Lipid-Based Nanocarriers, Green Synthesis, Phytosomes

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Nanotechnology has accelerated over the past forty years and shows no signs of slowing down. Nanotechnology-related innovations and products have transformed every facet of daily life, from the food sector to medical uses. Nanoparticles have improved the intracellular delivery of hydrophobic medications, greatly increased the shelf life of food products, and increased the effectiveness of some treatments like anticancer medicines. As a result, nanotechnology has affected both the global economy and the standard of living. This review discusses the properties of nanoparticles that give them appropriate and potentially harmful biological effects, as well as their uses in various biological domains and nanoparticle-based medications and delivery systems in biomedicine, including nano-based medications that are currently FDA-approved in the United States. The potential effects of ongoing nanoparticle exposure brought on by the growing usage of nanotechnology are also emphasized, along with potential remedies.

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nanotechnology, nanoparticles, drug delivery systems, nanomedicine

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The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a crucial measure of a sunscreen's capacity to shield the skin against UV radiation-induced damage, especially UVB-induced erythema. Global awareness of the need for efficient photo protection techniques has risen due to growing environmental risks, ozone layer depletion, and greater outdoor exposure. This paper offers a thorough analysis of SPF, its scientific foundation, testing procedures, influencing variables, formulation improvements, and new technologies in sunscreen production. The kinds of UV radiation, their biological consequences, and the ways in which various sunscreens chemical, physical, and hybrid offer protection are all covered in this article. In-vitro and in-vivo SPF determination techniques, such as spectrophotometric tests, Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) evaluation, and worldwide regulatory standards, are also covered in detail. The disparity between labelled SPF and actual protection is emphasized by highlighting important aspects that impact SPF effectiveness, including film formation, photo stability, skin type, product vehicle, ambient circumstances, and customer behaviour. To illustrate the future course of photo protection science, cutting-edge discoveries including Nano encapsulation, antioxidant-enriched formulations, DNA repair enzymes, probiotic-supported sunscreens, hybrid UV filters, and smart UV-responsive technologies are examined. The article also covers environmental effects, safety concerns, and the growing popularity of biodegradable and reef-safe sunscreens. In order to enable researchers, formulators, doctors, and consumers better understand SPF, maximise sunscreen use, and investigate next-generation photo protective treatments, the study summarizes existing information and developing trends.

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SPF, Sun Protection Factor, Sunscreen, Ultraviolet Radiation, UVB Protection, UVA Protection, Photo protection, Nano encapsulation, UV Filters, Photo stability, Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen, Antioxidants, Film-Forming Agents, Herbal Sunscreens, Smart Sunscreens, Reef-Safe Sunscreens.

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The present study examines the efficacy of English literature as a pedagogical tool for developing second language acquisition (SLA) among Indian engineering undergraduate English as second language (ESL) learners. In Indian higher education, engineering students are required to possess strong English communication skills for academic success, professional growth, and global employability. However, despite prolonged exposure to English, many learners continue to demonstrate inadequate communicative competence. This research adopts an experimental design involving a control group and an experimental group to examine whether literature-based instruction is more effective than traditional ESL teaching methods. A sample of 80 first-year engineering students was equally divided into the two groups. The control group was taught using conventional language teaching methods, whereas the experimental group was exposed to selected English literary texts, including short stories, novels, and plays. Pre-test and post-test scores measuring reading, writing, vocabulary, grammar, and speaking skills were statistically analyzed. The findings reveal a significant development in overall language proficiency among students who received literature-based teaching. The study concludes that English literature plays a vital role in developing linguistic competence, communicative skills, and cultural awareness among Indian engineering undergraduate ESL learners.

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Experimental Study, Second Language Acquisition, English Literature, ESL Learners, Engineering Undergraduates, Indian Context

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Children's online safety has become a critical national concern as the digital environment exposes them to cyberbullying, online grooming, sexual exploitation, trafficking, financial fraud, and harmful content. This paper examines the pivotal role of police in safeguarding children from online crime at the national level. It analyses the preventive, investigative, and response-oriented functions of law enforcement agencies in addressing cyber offences against children. The study explores the national legal and policy frameworks--such as the Information Technology Act, BNS, 2023, POCSO Act, and the Cybercrime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC) Scheme--that guide police actions in digital child protection. The abstract further highlights the essential coordination between national police bodies, cyber forensic units, social media platforms, child welfare organizations, and educational institutions in effectively combating online threats. It also discusses the emerging challenges faced by law enforcement, including rapid technological changes, resource limitations, capacity-building needs, encrypted platforms, and darknet-based exploitation. Finally, the paper outlines effective national-level strategies and best practices adopted by the police to strengthen online child safety, enhance digital resilience, and improve protection outcomes across the country.

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Online cyber Crime, Police, Role of Law Enforcement, Best Strategies Children's online safety, Police role, Child protection, National-level policing, POCSO Act, BNS-2023, IT Act, CCPWC Scheme, Cyber forensic units.

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