Volume 13 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Herbal plants represent valuable therapeutic reservoirs for diabetes mellitus management, offering alternative treatment approaches with significantly fewer adverse effects compared to conventional synthetic antidiabetic agents. This comprehensive review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding herbal antidiabetic drugs, examining phytochemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical efficacy across diverse plant species employed in traditional medicine systems. The most extensively studied antidiabetic plants including Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Tinospora cordifolia, and Curcuma longa demonstrate significant hypoglycemic activity through multiple interconnected mechanisms. Active phytochemical compounds including flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and alkaloids exert antidiabetic effects through pathways including alpha-glucosidase inhibition, pancreatic beta cell regeneration, insulin secretion enhancement, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activation, and free radical scavenging. Gymnema sylvestre leaves contain gurmarin and gymnemic acids that suppress sweet taste sensation and enhance glucose uptake by promoting pancreatic beta cell regeneration and increasing insulin production. Momordica charantia fruit demonstrates dual insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent glucose uptake mechanisms through activation of GLP-1 secretion pathways and bitter taste receptor signaling. Fenugreek seeds containing 4-hydroxyisoleucine and trigonelline stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release while improving hepatic glucose uptake and decreasing insulin resistance. Clinical investigations demonstrate significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose levels, and hemoglobin A1c measurements following herbal administration?. Herbal plants possess substantially reduced toxicity profiles compared to conventional antidiabetic medications, producing minimal hepatic, renal, or hematologic adverse effects. Integration of herbal antidiabetic therapies with conventional pharmaceutical approaches offers promising complementary treatment strategies enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing medication side effects. Future research directions should emphasize standardization of herbal preparations, mechanistic investigation of bioactive phytochemicals, long-term safety and efficacy evaluation through rigorous clinical trials, and development of evidence-based guidelines facilitating informed therapeutic decision-making integrating herbal medicines into contemporary diabetes management protocols.

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 Keywords

Herbal Medicine, Antidiabetic Plants, Phytochemicals, Glucose Homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus Management, Traditional Medicine, Botanical Therapeutics, Glycemic Control.

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Gentamicin, a widely prescribed aminoglycoside antibiotic, is highly effective against severe Gram-negative bacterial infections; however, its clinical utility is significantly limited by its nephrotoxic potential. Gentamicin-induced renal injury primarily affects proximal tubular epithelial cells and is mediated by complex, interrelated mechanisms, including excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal phospholipidosis, release of inflammatory cytokines, and activation of apoptotic pathways. Despite dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring, the incidence of gentamicin-associated nephrotoxicity remains substantial, particularly in elderly patients and those with pre-existing renal impairment or polypharmacy. This review explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms of gentamicin-induced kidney damage and highlights recent research on Polyherbal remedies with potential nephroprotective effects. Evidence suggests that formulations containing flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids may protect the kidneys by enhancing antioxidant defences, reducing inflammation, maintaining cell membrane stability, and modulating proteins involved in cell death, such as Bcl-2 and caspases. Polyherbal remedies may be more effective than single-compound treatments because they target multiple pathways involved in kidney injury. This review highlights the potential of combining traditional herbal medicine with modern nephrology research to develop safer treatments for drug-induced kidney injury. While early results are promising, challenges remain in standardizing remedies, ensuring quality, understanding pharmacokinetics, and proving clinical efficacy. Future research should focus on rigorous clinical trials to confirm the effectiveness of polyherbal remedies. These formulations may complement current therapies to prevent gentamicin-induced kidney damage and improve the safety of gentamicin use.

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 Keywords

Gentamicin; Nephrotoxicity; Drug-induced renal injury; Oxidative stress; Polyherbal formulations; Renal protection; Integrative medicine

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Abstract: This paper examines the role of multilingualism in the short stories of R. K. Narayan, with special reference to how language is used to express Indian culture, society, and identity. Although Narayan writes in English, his stories are deeply influenced by the multilingual environment of India. He skillfully blends English with Indian words, expressions, idioms, and culturally rooted speech patterns to reflect the natural way Indians communicate in their everyday lives. This study explores Narayan's use of techniques such as code-mixing, Indianized English, indirect speech, and culturally specific dialogue to create realistic characters and authentic social settings. Through a close reading of selected short stories such as An Astrologer's Day, The Martyr, and Under the Banyan Tree, the paper analyzes how language functions not merely as a medium of communication but as a cultural and social tool. Narayan's characters use language to express respect, authority, intimacy, belief, and tradition, reflecting Indian conversational norms and values. The study also highlights how characters shift between formal and informal modes of speech depending on context, audience, and social position, revealing the influence of both indigenous traditions and colonial power structures on language use. The paper argues that Narayan's use of multilingualism adds depth, realism, and cultural richness to his narratives while maintaining clarity and simplicity. The study concludes that Narayan's multilingual approach significantly contributes to Indian English literature by preserving cultural diversity and allowing Indian voices to speak authentically through the English language. Total Words: 281

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Key Words: Multilingualism; R. K. Narayan; Indian English Literature; Code-mixing; Language and Culture; Identity; Indianized English; Short Stories.

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The gaming and entertainment industry has emerged as one of the most profitable global sectors, surpassing both film and music. Finance plays a critical role in enabling sustainable growth through budget planning, forecasting, risk mitigation, monetisation modelling, and evaluation of game portfolio performance. This research provides a deep analysis of financial structures, revenue streams, cost management systems, and macroeconomic effects on the gaming industry, with special reference to Electronic Arts (EA). It explores technological factors, GenAI-based FP&A automation, market risks, strategic decision-making frameworks, and the future financial outlook of global gaming.

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Gaming Industry Finance, Electronic Arts (EA), Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A), Monetization Models, Live-Service Revenue, Microtransactions, Game Development Costs, Revenue Forecasting, GenAI in Finance, AI-based Financial Automation, Digital Distribution Economics, Player Engagement Metrics, Churn Prediction, Cloud Gaming Economics, VR/AR Gaming Finance, Subscription Models in Gaming, Economic Impact on Gaming Industry, Macroeconomic Factors, Game Portfolio Management, Cost Optimiza

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The AI-Powered Legal Support System brings a new level of intelligence to legal work. Built on the CrewAI framework, it handles legal research, case analysis and document drafting - all automatically. The system has four main components -- Judge Library, lets users dive into detailed judge profiles; Case Status, helps keep track of where a case stands; Legal Query (Document Analysis), which reads uploaded documents and extracts key legal insights; and In-Brief, breaks down user queries to identify relevant IPC sections, past case precedents, and required documents. At its core, the system relies on Legal-BERT, GPT, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) with vector databases. This combination delivers legal outputs that are both precise and grounded in context. The interface, designed through a Figma and built with Streamlit, ensures the system has seamless interaction. Data stays confidential, and the system operates with strict ethical standards. This AI-driven system is not just another tool - this system speeds up legal work, cuts down errors and make legal information more accessible. By bringing the gap between dense legal language and what people actually need to know, it's built for the future: scalable, dependable and ready to c

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), CrewAI Framework, Legal-BERT, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Legal Document Analysis, Multi-Agent System, LegalTech, Streamlit, IPC Section Retrieval.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing is particularly suited for producing large-scale metal components, making it ideal for industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. It offers several advantages, including lower material costs, high deposition rates, and the ability to work with a wide range of metals. By changing or adding another material locally during the process, more than one type of material can be used simultaneously in a single component. The deposition of dissimilar metals can also be achieved using wire arc additive manufacturing technique. In this study, bemetallic Inconel 625 alloy was taken for the fabrication of the component. By adding particle reinforcement to the bemetallic Inconel 625 alloy there is a significant enhancement of mechanical and metallurgical properties. The Inconel alloy was reinforced with ceramic powder from 1%wt to 4%wt of silicon carbide powder. The mechanical properties of the resulted component have significantly changed when compared it to the pure Inconel alloy component. the microhardness of the pure Inconel alloy has an average value of 280.56HV and it increases to 331.7HV when powder was added. And also, there is a significant change in wear rate, tensile strength and impact energy. The results from these mechanical and metallurgical properties provide guidance for the fabrication of powder reinforced bemetalic Inconel 625 alloy through wire arc additive manufacturing

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing; Inconel alloy; silicon carbide; particle reinforced alloy; Microstructure; Mechanical behaviour.

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Aim: The digitalization of government processes has become an essential strategy to strengthen and improve public service delivery. This study described the implementation of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) among First Class Local Government Units (LGUs) in Region III, Philippines. The extent of implementation is evaluated across all core HR areas of the Civil Service Commission's Program to Institutionalize Meritocracy and Excellence in Human Resource Management or PRIME-HRM, specifically the Recruitment, Selection and Placement (RSP), Learning and Development (L&D), Performance Management (PM), Rewards and Recognition (R&R) and Records Management. Methodology: A descriptive quantitative research design has been utilized, for an in-depth understanding of HRIS utilization and implementation. Results: Data gathered from eighty-two (82) First Class LGUs revealed that only twelve (12) LGUs has HRIS, and 68.42% utilized locally developed systems. HRIS infrastructure and capacity were rated Very Satisfactory, while the extent of implementation across HR functions was generally Sometimes Implemented, with Records Management obtaining the highest rating (M=3.36). The study shows that the main challenges included budget constraints, limited staff capability, and lack of technical support. Conclusion: The study concludes that while progress in HRIS adoption and digital transformation in the public service is evident, full integration of essential system features remains limited. Management support, with continuous investment in digital infrastructure and user training, is essential to enhance HR efficiency and promote data-driven governance among LGUs.

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Human Resource Information System (HRIS), Local Government Units (LGUs), Digital Governance, PRIME-HRM, Public Administration

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The purpose of the study was to analyse the socioeconomic status of Weightlifting and Boxing players of Manipur state. Total 100 players (50 Weightlifter and 50 Boxer) minimum National level players were taken from different sports Academy , Clubs and Association of Manipur. The Socio-economic status questionnaire prepared by R.L. Bharadwaj (2005) was used for the purpose of data collection. To find out the significance of socio-economic status between Weightlifting players and Boxing players statistical techniques t-test were computed and the Result of the study indicated significance difference between Boxing players and Weightlifting players of Socio-economic status.

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Socio-economic status, Weightlifting, Boxing

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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and remains the leading cause of preventable blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. With the global burden of diabetes escalating, the prevalence of DR is projected to increase from 103.12 million affected individuals in 2020 to 160.5 million by 2045. The pathophysiology of DR involves complex, interconnected biochemical pathways including polyol pathway activation, advanced glycation end-product formation, protein kinase C dysregulation, and oxidative stress, all of which culminate in retinal vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Traditionally managed through laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy, DR treatment has been revolutionized by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies. Recent advances have introduced novel therapeutic modalities including next-generation bispecific antibodies such as faricimab, gene therapy approaches targeting mechanistic pathways, stem cell-based regenerative treatments, and systemic agents like sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. This comprehensive review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying DR pathogenesis, discusses established treatment paradigms, and explores emerging therapeutic strategies that promise to transform disease management and improve visual outcomes for millions of patients globally.

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Diabetic retinopathy, pathophysiology, anti-VEGF therapy, gene therapy, novel treatments, stem cell therapy.

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Capivasertib (AZD5363, Truqap) is a novel, orally active, selective pan-AKT inhibitor developed for the treatment of cancers driven by dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway is frequently observed in various malignancies and is associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation, enhanced survival, metabolic reprogramming, and resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. Capivasertib exerts its anticancer effect by competitively inhibiting all three AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3), thereby suppressing downstream signaling involved in tumor growth and progression. Extensive preclinical studies demonstrated significant antitumor activity of capivasertib, particularly in cancer models harboring PI3K, AKT, or PTEN alterations. Subsequent clinical trials, including phase I, II, and III studies, established its safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and clinical efficacy. Notably, capivasertib in combination with fulvestrant has shown improved progression-free survival in patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer, especially in biomarker-positive populations. Although the drug is associated with manageable adverse effects such as diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and rash, appropriate monitoring and dose modifications enhance its tolerability. This review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, preclinical and clinical evidence, safety profile, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of capivasertib as a targeted anticancer therapy.

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: Capivasertib, AKT inhibitor, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, targeted therapy, breast cancer, precision oncology.

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