Volume 13 | Issue 11 | November-2025

 Abstract

Leguminous plants have emerged as promising candidates for phytoremediation due to their nitrogen-fixing capabilities, high biomass production, and metal tolerance. This review systematically compares phytoremediation efficiency across major legume species, focusing on quantitative performance metrics, metal accumulation patterns, biomass production, and underlying mechanisms. Analysis of comparative studies reveals significant interspecific variation in remediation strategies and efficiency. Medicago sativa (alfalfa) demonstrates superior biomass production (up to 15 t/ha dry weight) and moderate metal accumulation, making it suitable for phytostabilization. Lupinus species exhibit high metal translocation factors (>1.0 for Cd and Zn) and bioconcentration capabilities, positioning them as effective phytoextractors. Sesbania species show exceptional tolerance to extreme contamination levels while maintaining growth. Trifolium species display balanced accumulation-biomass profiles suitable for multi-metal contaminated sites. Species-specific differences in root architecture, symbiotic associations, and biochemical tolerance mechanisms significantly influence remediation outcomes. This review provides quantitative benchmarks for species selection based on contamination type, remediation goals, and site conditions, offering practical guidance for implementing legume-based phytoremediation strategies.

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 Keywords

phytoremediation, legumes, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, translocation factor, biomass production, comparative analysis

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Autonomy has been a central instrument through which the Indian state has sought to manage ethnic diversity and political claims in the Northeast. Institutionalized primarily through the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, autonomy is envisaged as a mechanism for self-rule, cultural protection, and participatory governance for tribal communities. This paper examines the gap between the notion of autonomy and its praxis through a case study of the Dima Hasao Autonomous Council (DHAC) erstwhile North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council in Assam. Drawing on historical analysis, constitutional provisions, and secondary literature, the paper argues that autonomy in Dima Hasao operates as a negotiated and constrained form of governance rather than substantive self-rule. While DHAC provides symbolic recognition and limited administrative powers, its functioning is shaped by financial dependence, bureaucratic control, internal political hierarchies, and security imperatives. The paper concludes that autonomy in Dima Hasao reflects broader contradictions within India's subnational governance framework, where decentralization coexists with strong centralized oversight

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 Keywords

Autonomy, Sixth Schedule, Dima Hasao, Northeast India, Governance, Ethnic Politics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Total Quality Management is adopted by the management education institutions in order to reach their goals and objectives. However the changing business environment also made it mandatory to the institutions to provide value added education to the students in developing dynamism to face competition. It is also important to the institutions to control and develop their qualitative practices in preparing their students to have a good career. In this backdrop present study is an attempt to study and evaluate the TQM practices by the institutions in the B-Schools of Shivamogga District.

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 Keywords

TQM, Management Education, Business Environment

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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By applying the concept of 'Negative Capability' by John Keats to the field of Translation Studies, this research paper examines how the praxis of this theory allows uncertainty to be born in the act of translation. The very concept of uncertainty underlined by suspicion makes the translator resist the limit of the stability of the meaning of the given text pulling it out of the narrow renderings. More often than not, Translation Studies have been offered as a battle ground between the opposites like loyalty and disloyalty, loss and gain, imitation and re-creation etc. This research paper argues that the best act of translation inhabits in ambiguity, uncertainty, indeterminacy and the suspension of interpretive finality due to the textual openness without "irritable reaching after the fact" (Keats 1962: 257). By making a comparative study between Translation Studies and Keats' concept of Negative Capability, this paper argues that the application of the negative capability by a translator can make the translation bear uncertainty which is not a weakness rather a required condition of translation process. Operating the concept of Keats, the Target Language Text is prepared to resist closure of the text situating translation between mimesis and originality. Making Keats to have a dialogue with certain contemporary theories of Translation Studies, it is attempted to project that translation is not an activity to solve problems but rather it is an intensive intentional condition to allow them to inhabit in the Target Language Text. This makes the translator a practising John Keats in the area of translated literature who is bound to resist the closure, to negotiate the multiplicity of meanings and to preserve alterity.

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 Keywords

Negative Capability, Keats, Translation Studies, Uncertainty, Interpretation, Originality, Creativity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid proliferation of mobile phones has significantly altered the daily environment of young children, even during early childhood years. Mobile phones are now frequently used not only for communication but also as tools for entertainment, learning, and behavioural management within households. Children aged 3-8 years, a critical developmental period characterized by rapid cognitive, emotional, and social growth, are increasingly exposed to screen-based devices, often under parental supervision or control. To assess parental perspectives on mobile phone use patterns among young children aged 3-8 years, including duration, purpose, supervision, and associated behavioral concerns. Methods A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 parents (expanded from initial target of 120 for enhanced representativeness) selected through convenience sampling from selected community and school settings in Sri Ganganagar district, Rajasthan. Data were collected using a structured parent-reported questionnaire and a self-developed behavior checklist. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) were used for data analysis. Results The majority of parents were aged 30-39 years (59%) and mothers (64%). Most children (43%) used mobile phones for 1-2 hours daily, primarily for entertainment (59%), with only 36% always supervised. Behavioral concerns were common, with 59% of children showing irritability when phones were removed and a mean behavioral concern score of 3.27 (SD = 1.45, range 0-8). Conclusion High entertainment-driven use, limited supervision, and prevalent behavioral concerns highlight the need for parental education on safe mobile phone practices to mitigate developmental risks in early childhood.

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Mobile phone use, young children, parental perspectives, screen time, behavioral patterns, cross-sectional study

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FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH KARNATAKA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

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FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH KARNATAKA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Artificial intelligence has advanced through a convergence of mathematical theory, computational power, and data-driven modelling. Although modern systems often appear to rely primarily on engineering scale and empirical performance, their behaviour is best understood through rigorous mathematical frameworks that articulate representation, optimisation, inference, and generalisation. This paper examines the principal mathematical structures underlying contemporary artificial intelligence and analyses how these structures interact with deep networks, generative architectures, and reinforcement learning. It also considers the emerging role of artificial systems in mathematical discovery, where learning models participate in theorem exploration, symbolic manipulation, and proof development. Through this integrated study, the paper demonstrates that mathematics and artificial intelligence form a bidirectional and evolving relationship in which theory clarifies system behaviour and artificial systems generate new mathematical questions.

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 Keywords

Mathematical foundations, artificial intelligence, optimisation, statistical learning theory, deep learning, generative modelling, reinforcement learning, geometric methods, theorem proving, computational intelligence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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trunk muscle activation, core stability, tennis biomechanics, electromyography, serve, forehand, kinetic chain, rotational power.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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LearnSphere AI is an AI-powered personalized learning platform designed to overcome the limitations of traditional e-learning systems. Conventional platforms often lack personalization, real-time feedback, and engaging content--resulting in low learner motivation, poor retention, and high dropout rates. It addresses these challenges through adaptive learning paths, gamification, and interactive features. The platform uses artificial intelligence to customize content based on the learner's experience level--beginner, intermediate, or expert. It includes daily tasks like quizzes, scenario-based questions, and polls to maintain consistency and engagement. Gamification elements such as leaderboards, badges, and streak-based rewards encourage learners to stay active and progress daily.

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Gamification, Personalized Learning Platform

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Context: The double-handed backhand (DHB) is a fundamental stroke in modern tennis, executed from a variety of stances, primarily "square" and "open." While the biomechanical implications of stance have been explored in the forehand, the specific demands on the trunk musculature during a DHB remain less understood. The trunk is critical for power generation and transfer. Objective: This study aimed to quantify and compare the muscle activation patterns of key trunk muscles - bilateral rectus abdominis (RA), serratus anterior (SA), and erector spinae (ES) - between the open and square stance DHB drives in skilled players. Methods: A total of 15 university-level tennis players (N = 15) participated in a repeated-measures, within-subjects study. Muscle activation was recorded using surface electromyography (sEMG) from six targeted muscles. Each participant executed a series of double-handed backhand (DHB) drives delivered by a ball machine under two stance conditions: (1) traditional square stance and (2) modern open stance. For each stroke, mean integrated EMG (iEMG) values were computed for the execution phase and normalized. Differences in muscle activation between stance conditions were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. Results: The square stance DHB elicited significantly higher levels of muscle activation (p < 0.001) in the bilateral rectus abdominis (Right RA: +45.5%; Left RA: +49.5%) and the bilateral erector spinae (Right ES: +10.7%; Left ES: +8.5%) compared to the open stance. Conversely, the serratus anterior muscles showed a minor, non-significant trend (p > 0.05) towards higher activation in the open stance. Conclusion: Stance selection during the double-handed backhand was shown to have meaningful biomechanical and physiological implications. The square stance placed greater demands on both anterior and posterior trunk-stabilizing muscles, contrasting with prior findings on forehand strokes. These results suggest that the bilateral nature of the DHB produces distinct trunk recruitment patterns. Such evidence underscores the importance of incorporating stance-specific considerations into coaching pedagogy and strength and conditioning programs.

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 Keywords

Tennis Biomechanics, Double-Handed Backhand, Trunk Muscle, Electromyography (EMG), Stance, Core Activation.

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